HGRATIUS
Note. — New words occurring in this play and the following plays will
be found in the complete Vocabulary, pages 323-352
Personae
Porsena: rerc Etruscorum.
Sextus Tarquinius : fllius Tarquinil
Swperbl.
Mamilius: rex Tusculi, socius Por-
sennae.
Scaena I.
Tarquinius Superbus: rex Romano-
rum, exul.
Vigiles: Etrusci.
Duces Mllitum: Etrusci.
Scaena II.
Valerius 1
Pulvillus/
Horatius Cocles 1
Spurius Lartius \
Titus Herminius
consules Romdni.
sendtores
Romani
Vigil Secundus /
Cives : Romdni
Mllites: Etrusci.
SCAENA PRIMA. IN CASTRIS ETRUSCORUM
Vesperl. Porsena ante tabernaculum suum stat; a dextra
Mamilius; a sinistra Tarquinius Superbus; a tergo
Sextus Tarquinius. Ante Porsenam duces mllitum
imperata expectant. Longe d dextra stant vigiles; hl
Romam prospectant.
Por. Bene pugnavistis hodie, O duces, vos et milites
Etrusci.
Duc. Gratias tibi agimus, rex maxime; pro patria et pro
te pugnavimus.
Por. Quo nomine hic mons appellatur, ubi jam castra
posuimus?
Sex. Janiculum vocatur hic mons.
Sup. Janiculum habemus; facile erit Romam capere.
163
164
Por. Quo modo Janiculum cepistl, Mamill? Narra nobls !
Duc. Bene nos duxit Mamilius, O rex maxime! 10
Por. Hoc scio; attendite animum et audlte !
Mam. O rex maxime, Janiculum tenebat Pulvillus consul
. cum centum mllitibus; juvenis est et malus dux;
male imperat, neque Romanl illl parere volunt. At
diti nobls resistebant; neque facile erat illud par-
vum agmen de monte pellere. Tandem centum
mllites circum montem mlsl; hl a tergo Romanos
subito oppugnaverunt. Pulvillus pavidus tergum
vertit; cum qulnquaginta hominibus effugit;
ceteros occldimus. Ille, tertius in ordine ducum 20
[ducem quendam indicat], prlmus in summum
montem pervenit. Hostes illum vulneraverant et
signiferum occlderant. Statim ille signum e dextra
mortui rapuit et in summo monte posuit.
Por. Benefecistl, Mamill; bene fecerunt tui mllites. Tii,
dux vulnerate, huc venl! [Dux tertius appropin-
quat.] Accipe hoc praemium! [Armillam bracchio
VOCATIVE OF NOUNS IN -IUS
389. Proper nouns ending in -ius, and also the common
noun filius, form the vocative by replacing the ending -ius of
the nominative by -1. Thus, Cornelius, vocative Corneli.
DECLENSION OF QUIDAM
390.
quldam, a
certain
Singular
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
quldam
quaedam
quiddam (quoddam)
Gen.
cujusdam
cujusdam
cujusdam
Dat.
cuidam
cuidam
cuidam
Acc.
quendam
quandam
quiddam (quoddam)
Abl.
quodam
quadam
quodam
165
circumdat. Tum dux se in ordinem recipit.] Cras
Romam oppugnabimus.
Duc. [laetls clamoribus.] Cras Romam capiemus. 30
Sup. Cras rex iterum ero Romanorum.
Sex. Cras omnes inimlcos occidam.
Sup. Cras omnes nobiles in vincula conjiciam.
Sex. Vae victls ! nos enim Roma expulerunt.
Sup. Ignavi homines regem habere nolebant; poenas cras
dabunt.
Duc. [murmurant.] Fortes, non ignavl, sunt Romanl.
Fortes hostes amamus; ignavos odimus amlcos.
Por. Quando et quo modo Romam oppugnabimus?
Sex. Statim hoc faciemus; sl enim Romanl pontem subli- 40
cium frangent, neque Tiberim translre neque ur-
bem intrare poterimus. .
Duc. Nos quidem hodie diti pugnavimus; sine somno
mllites non bene pugnabunt.
Sup. Vigil! Vigil!
Vig. Quid vls, rex?
Nom. quldam
Gen. quorundam
Dat. quibusdam
Acc. quosdam
Abl. quibusdam
Plural
quaedam
quarundam
quibusdam
quasdam
quibusdam
quaedam
quorundam
quibusdam
quaedam
quibusdam
CONJUGATION OF VOLO
391. The irregular verb volo, I wish, I am willing, has the
following principal parts : volo, velle, volui. It is conjugated as
follows in the present indicative.
Singular Plural NoTE-In the imperfect and
volo volumus future indicative volo is conju-
vls vultis gated exactly like duco : volebam,
vult volunt volebas, etc, volam, voles, etc.
166
Sup. Quid nunc Romanl faciunt?
Vig. Omnes intra moenia se receperunt. Vigiles tamen
e moenibus prospectant.
Por. Fregeruntne pontem? 50
Vig. Minime, rex maxime! Stat pons.
Por. Qualis erit nox?
Yig. Obsctira; ntibilare enim coepit, neque ltina fulgebit.
Etiam nunc vigiles Romanos videre non possumus;
non jam pons in conspectii est; hac nocte caeci
erunt vigiles.
Por. Bene dlxistis, vigiles. Hoc igitur consilium omnes
audlte! Quarta vigilia, dum Romani adhtic dor-
miunt, ad pontem silentio appropinquabimus.
Antequam illtic pervenerimus, nos neque videre
neque audlre vigiles poterunt. Ntilla mora pon-
tem translbimus et portam facile rumpemus, dum
Romani arma petunt et tota urbe trepidant.
Duc.
Bonum consilium cepistl, rex maxime! Vincemus.
POR.
Hoc consilium, duces, mllitibus ntintiate! Deinde
usque ad quartam vigiliam dormlte!
Duc.
Audlmus et parebimus.
POR.
Vigiles, cum quarta vigilia erit,
excitate!
e somno nos omnes
VlG.
Audimus et parebimus.
70
DECLENSION OF ALIQUIS
392
. aliquis, some, someone.
Singular
Masc. Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
aliquis aliqua
aliquid (aliquod)
Gen.
alicujus alicujus
alicujus
Dat.
alicui alicui
alicui
Acc.
aliquem aliquam
aliquid (aliquod)
Abl.
aliquo aUqua
aliquo
167
SCAENA SECUNDA. ROMAE
A sinistrd appdrent moenia urbis; Tiberis praeter moenia
fluit; rlpam ulteriorem ad portam urbis jungit pons
sublicius. Vigiles e summls moenibus prospectant. In
rlpa ulteriore agmen Etruscorum ad pontem sublicium
silentio appropinquat, sed adhuc procul abest, cum sol
surgere incipit. Prlma luce vigiles hostes vident.
Vig. I. Audlsne aliquid?
Vig. II. Quam timidus es! Ventus aquam agitat.
Vig. I. Pedes hominum audio.
Vig. II. Noli hoc credere. Sol mox surget; tum videre
poterimus.
Vig. I. Aliquid video. Aliquid se movet.
Vig. II. Agmen est. Hostes sunt.
Vig. I. Surgite, RomanT. Hostes adsunt*.
Vigiles. Surgite, Romanl. Hostes adsunt.
[Clves armatl portam aperiunt et prbspectant. Valerius
et Pulvillus in pontem currunt.]
Val. Frangite pontem, clves. 10
Pul. Tempus non dabunt hostes. Eheu, nos prlmos
occident. Quid facere possumus? Quo fugere
debemus?
Plural
Nom.
aliqul
aliquae
ahqua
Gen.
aliquorum
aliquarum
aliquorum
Dat.
aliquibus
aliquibus
aliquibus
Acc.
aliquos
aliquas
aliqua
Abl.
aliquibus
aliquibus
aliquibus
168
Val. Sile, ignave ! Ciir heri mllites f rangere pontem non
jussistl? Tu enim imperator eras. Hodie ego
Romanis impero. [Pulvillus in urbem redit.
Multl clves in portd appdrent.] Audlte, clves ! Sl
duo vel tres hostibus breve temporis spatium
resistere poterunt, ceterl pontem frangent. Ita
urbem servare poterimus. 20
Hor. [inter clves appdret.] Quid dlcebat consul?
Civ. Si quis hostibus resistet, nos pontem frangere
poterimus.
Hor. Ego, O consul, pontem defendam. Quis mecum
hoc pro patria faciet?
Spu. [ex clvibus prodit.] Ego tibi socius ero, fortis
Horatl.
Hor. Tti bonus eris socius. Tecum bene pugnabo.
Tamen sl tres erimus, totum hostium agmen facile
repellemus. 30
Tit. [ex clvibus prodit.] Ecce tertius ero. Pro Roma et
Romanls cum hls comitibus pugnabo.
Val. Vobis ago gratias.
Civ. Vobls gratias agimus.
[Etruscl appropinquant.]
Por. Currite, mllites! Pontem occupate!
Val. Properate vos ! currunt enim hostes.
[Tres pontem trdnseunt.]
Hor. Ego medius stabo; tu, Spurl, a dextra sta, Herminl,
tti a sinistra !
[Etrusci ad pontem adveniunt.]
Por. Oppugnate, mllites! Illos tres occldite et urbem
intrate! 40
Val. Secures sumite, clves! sumite gladios! frangite
pontem !
Por. Mamili, mecum mane! Herl satis pugnabas.
Sextus contra suam urbem homines diicet.
169
Val. Da mihi securem, tu! Ita, ita, lignum frangite.
[Ipse pontem ferit dum mllites Etruscl pontem
oppugnant.]
Spu. Cave, Hermini! a sinistra oppugnabunt.
Tit. Paratus sum; ecce, undique veniunt.
Hor. Diira verbera date ! Non multi eodem tempore nos
oppugnare possunt.
Pul. [in moenibus appdret.] Venlte, vos, ad moenia! 50
[Multl clves in moenia veniunt.] Sagittas mittite!
Jacula conjicite!
Sex. Mecum venite, milites! Ego Horatium occidam.
Mihi quidem non resistet.
Civ. Cujus vocem audimus?
Vig. I. Sextus Tarquinius hostes diicit.
Civ. Apage, perfide Sexte ! Num audes Romam revenlre?
Sex. Mox alia clamabitis, cum vos in vincula conjiciam.
Civ. Occlde Sextum, O Horatl! Etiam sl hostes nos
vlcerint, gaudebimus, quod perfidus Sextus mor- 60
tuus erit.
[Sextus Horatium oppugnat; Spurius et Titus contrd
alios pugnant.]
Pul. Cavete, sagittaril! Nollte nostros occldere! Ca-
vete, j aculatores ! Supra capita nostrorum j acula
conjicite!
Vig. II. Uter vincet? Ecce noster illum ferit!
Civ. Io triumphe! Mortuus est Sextus.
Pul. Minime, surgit. Horatl, iterum feri!
[Alter Hordtium oppugnat, dum Mamilius Sextum
e perlculo trahit.]
Civ. Quis auxilium fert?
Pul. Mamilius.
Civ. Ecce, Sextum e perlculo trahit. 70
Tu etiam noblscum redl! Sine te non redibimus.
170
Vig. I. Nunc redit; ipse Horatium oppugnabit.
Civ. Eheu, non mortuus est Sextus.
Val. Auxilium date, clves; ecce, paene fractus est pons.
Civ. Io, Spurius hostem occidit; nunc alterum ferit.
Vig. II. Eheu ! Horatium vulneravit Mamilius.
Civ. Eheu! Spuri, auxilium da!
Vig. I. Ecce. Mamilium repellunt.
Val. [mdgnd vdce.] Redlte, Romani! paene fractus est
pons. Jam, jam redi, Horatl!
Civ. Redlte, Romanl ! paene f ractus est pons ! Nos ser- so
vavistis; jam vos servate!
Hor. Redlte, comites! dum tempus manet, redlte!
Spu.
Tit.
Civ. Redlte, fortes virl! Jam jam cadit pons.
Hor. Redite, comites! Vobls hoc impero. Consilium
habeo bonum; me hostes non occldent.
^ ‘ >Paremus. Vale! [Ad portam redeunt.]
Civ. Nollte Horatium relinquere!
Spu. Ipse imperavit. Paremus.
[Spurius et Titus urbem intrant.]
Civ. Sero redlbis, Horatl. Cadit pons. 90
Hor. [Scutum ad clves conjicit.] Excipite, cives, sciitum!
Non honestum est scutum relinquere. [Gladium
in medios hostes conjicit.] Vos, hostes, gladium
excipite! Tibi me committo, Tiberis. [Dum
pons cadit, Horatius in flumen desilit.]
Pul. Quid facit? Vulneratus est; non potest natare.
Civ. Ita; flumen transit; ad portam natat.
Val. Demittite f unes ! [Clves funem demittunt.]
Crv. Fiinem prehendit. Trahite! trahite!
Omnes. Trahite! trahite! [Cives Hordtium ex aqua in
portam trahunt.]
171
Val.
PUL.
fSenatus tibi gratias agit.
Civ. Populus Romanus tibi gratias agit.
Omnes. Romam servavisti.
FINIS FABDLAE.
too
uu\
tfMIH’-”
RUINS OF THE COLISEUM
172
LESSON LX
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
FORMATION OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
393. The present active participle of a Latin verb ends in
-ns, and is formed on the present stem. The present par-
ticiples of regular verbs in the four conjugations are as follows.
I
II
III
IV
(porto)
(moneo)
(dtico)
(capio)
(audio)
portans
monens
ducens
capiens
audiens
carrying
warning
leading
taking
hearing
a. There is no present passive participle in Latin.
DECLENSION OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE
394. Like other participles, the present participle agrees
in gender, number, and case with the noun or pronoun which
it modifies. It is declined as an adjective of the third
declension :
Singular Plural
Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut.
Nom. portans
Gen. portantis
portantl
portantem
Dat.
Acc.
Abl.
portans
portantis
portantl
portans
portantes
portantium
portantibus
portantls (-es)
portante (-1) portante (-1) portantibus
portantia
portantium
portantibus
portantia
portantibus
Singular
Nom. monens monens
Gen. monentis monentis
Dat. monenti monenti
Acc monentem monens
Plural
monentes monentia
monentium monentium
monentibus monentibus
monentls (-es) monentia
Abl. monente (-1) monente (-1) monentibus monentibus
173
a. The use of the Latin present participle must not
be confused with the progressive form of the verb
(Section 76, a). In the sentence The man is standing
in the street the expression is standing is the progressive
form of the verb, and will be translated by one Latin
word, stat. In the sentence The man standing on the
wall is my brother, the word standing is a participle mod-
ifying man, and will be translated by the Latin present
participle, stans.
READING EXERCISE: A SUCCESSFUL HUNT
395. ( Ulysses speaks. 1 ) Per silvam ambulans, magnum
cervum vidl. Ventus flabat, et cervus sonitum pedum meorum
audire non poterat. Arcum meum cepi et frontem cervi
prlma sagitta vulneravl. Deinde alteram sagittam mlsl, et
eum interfecl. Nunc cervum umeris mels ad comites porto.
Hl murmurant et Iratl sunt, quod cibum non habent. Similes
animalibus sunt, quae semper cibum postulant. Nunc in
lltore stantes me expectant. Laetl erunt cum me appropin-
quantem videbunt. Mox cenam parabimus. Post cenam in
silvam redlbo, quod tectum ibi vldl. Sed niilll virl in conspectii
erant. Itaque hunc locum explorare cupio.
396. VOCABULARY
arcus, -us, m., bow litus, litoris, n., shore
cervus, -I, m., deer similis, -e, like, similar
flo, flare, flavl, flatum, blow sonitus, -us, m., sound
frons, frontis, m., forehead umerus, -I, m., shoulder
itaque, conj., and so, therefore
a. Frequently a noun or pronoun in the dative is
used with similis : similis animali, like an animal.
» While returning from Troy, Ulysses, one of the Greek heroes, was driven to the
Bhores of a certain island. This reading exercise and those of the three following lessons
represent scenes during his stay on the island.
174
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
397. 1. The leader returned to the shore carrying a deer.
2. We hear the voices of the soldiers demanding food. 3. I
saw a deer running through the forest. 4. The consul is
the brother of that (ille) man standing on the bridge. 5. We
made an attack on the legions crossing the river.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES
398. 1. Find from a dictionary the derivation of arch and
archer. 2. What is the original meaning of inflatedf 3. What
sort of ornament is a frontletf 4. What is a similef
SUGGESTED DRILL
1 . Write the declension of the present participles of duco and capio.
2. Point out all the present participles in section 395, and name the case
of each. 3. Give the present active and past passive participles of
laudo and video. 4. Decline sonitus. 5. Give a synopsis of flo in the
third person singular, active voice.
ROMAN OIL VAULT
175
LESSON LXI
THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
THE INDEPENDENT PARTICIPIAL PHRASE
399. A phrase consisting of a noun or pronoun and a
participle is sometimes used in a sentence without being closely
connected with any other word in the sentence. Thus, A new
leader having been chosen, we may expect better results. In this
sentence the phrase a new leader having been chosen is not
directly connected with any word in the rest of the sentence.
Such a phrase is said to be independent of the rest of the
sentence.
THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
400. The case which is used in Latin for such independent
constructions is the ablative. In the sentence given above
as an example the word for leader would be put in the ablative
in Latin and the participle for having been chosen would agree
with it in gender, number, and case. This use of the ablative
is called the ablative absolute.
Duce capto hostes fugerunt. The leader having been
captured, the enemy fled.
Filiis meis laudatis laetus sum, my sons having been
praised, I am happy
401. The participle used in agreement with the noun or
pronoun of the ablative absolute may be the past participle,
as in the sentences which have been given, or it may be the
present participle.
Barbaris procedentibus nostri arma parabant, the bar-
barians advancing, our men prepared arms.
a. In the ablative absolute the past participle de-
notes an act taking place before the time of the verb
of the clause, but the present participle denotes an act
taking place at the same time as that of the verb.
176
402. Often an adjective or another noun is used instead
of a participle as the second part of the ablative absolute
construction.
Amico meo invito diutius non manebo, my friend (being)
unwilling, I shall not remain longer.
Caesare duce milites semper fortiter pugnabant, Caesar
(being) leader, the soldiers always fought bravely.
a. The participle being, which is often used in trans-
lating an ablative absolute of which the second part is
an adjective or a noun, has no equivalent in Latin.
b. The original force of the ablative in this con-
struction may be seen if these phrases are translated
with the preposition with.
FREE TRANSLATION OF THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
403. In English, independent phrases which correspond
to the literal translation of the ablative absolute are not very
often used. It is, therefore, frequently necessary to translate
the ablative absolute by a clause introduced by when, after,
if, since, or although, as the sense of the main clause may
suggest.
Monte occupato, when the mountain had been seized.
Duce capto, after the leader had been captured.
a. Various prepositional phrases, also, may be em-
ployed in translating this ablative.
Gallis invitis, against the will of the Gauls.
Caesare consule, in the consulship of Caesar.
READING EXERCISE: A DISSATISFIED COMPANY
404. (The sailors speak). Recte ducem nostrum culpamus,
qui n5s huc dtixit. Esurlmus, neque cibum invenlre possumus.
Certe dux bonus non est, neque dl immortales eum amant.
In silvam cum arcu iit, quia cervi in silva sunt, sed cervo
177
interfecto ipse cibum habebit, et nos esuriemus. Patria
nostra relicta, in bello cum eo (homine) pugnavimus, sed nunc
nos deseruit. Hoc duce relicto, navem parabimus et ad
patriam redlbimus. Ibi amlcl nos expectant, et hi nobis
cibum dabunt. Sl tiitl illam terram iterum videbimus, num-
quam eam relinquemus. Satis in bello pugnavimus et satis
erravimus.
405. VOCABULARY
certe, adv., certainly, surely immortalis, -e, immortal
culpo, -are, -avi, -atum, blame invenio, -venire, -veni, -ven-
desero, -ere, -ui, -tum, desert tum, find
deus, -I (nom. pl. di), a god quia, conj., because
esurio, -ire, be hungry recte, adv., rightly
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
406. 1. Taking the bow (the bow having been taken)
the man hurried toward the forest. 2. On seeing the enemy
(the enemy having been seen) the soldiers seized (took) their
arms. 3. Hearing the sound of battle (abl. absolute), the
soldiers ran to the gate of the city. 4. After the capture of the
city (the city having been captured), the king was killed.
5. If the gods defend (shall defend) our city, we shall be safe.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES
407. 1. What is a culpable action? 2. From which of
the principal parts of desero have our English derivatives
come? 3. Find a noun which is connected in derivation
with immortalis. 4. What is the original meaning of inventt
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the present participles of culpo, desero, invenio. 2. Point
out the ablatives absolute in section 404. 3. Conjugate esurio in the
future indicative active. 4. Write two English sentences which would
require the ablative absolute if translated into Latin.
178
LESSON LXII
QUOTATIONS: INDIRECT DISCOURSE
DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUOTATIONS
408. 1. A direct quotation is one which repeats the exact
words of the speaker. Thus, He said, “I will come.”
2. An indirect quotation is one which repeats the thought
but not the exact words of the original speaker. In English
an indirect quotation is often introduced by the conjunction
that. Thus, He said that he would come.
a. Sometimes no conjunction is used. Thus, He
said he would come.
INDIRECT QUOTATIONS IN LATIN
409. In Latin, a simple sentence when used in an indirect
quotation has its verb in the infinitive and its subject in the
accusative. No conjunction is used to introduce indirect
quotations in Latin.
Dicit puerum in silva ambulare, he says that the boy is
walking in the forest.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
410. The name indirect discourse is given to the use of
the infinitive with subject accusative in indirect quotations,
and also to certain other expressions which are not exactly
quotations. In such sentences as / heard that you had re-
ceived a letter, and Everyone thought that the day would be
pleasant, the clauses introduced by that take the same form
in Latin as the indirect quotations given above. That is,
their verbs will be infinitives and their subjects will stand
in the accusative.
Indirect discourse is used with verbs of saying, hearing,
knowing, thinking, believing, seeing, and the like.
179
Credo te librum meum habere, I believe (that) you have
my book.
a. A predicate noun or adjective used with an in-
finitive in indirect discourse is in the accusative, to
agree with the subject.
Arbitramur ducem nostrum fortem esse, we think (that)
our leader is brave.
READING EXERCISE: THE FAULT-FINDERS REPROVED
411. (The sailor who has been left in charge speaks.) Dico
ducem nostrum fidelem esse. Quod cibum non habemus,
in silvam iit, ubi credo eum cibum petere. Feris interfectls
carnem nobls dabit. Puto vos ignavos esse et nihil sclre.
Mare timetis et omnia timetis. Quod esurltis, ducem bonum
nostrum culpatis et dlcitis eum vos deseruisse. Vos non
deseruit neque deseret. Etiam nunc aliquem video quem
esse ducem nostrum credo. Recta ad nos venit, et aliquid
grave umerls portat. Habitus ejus ostendit eum esse ducem
nostrum. Cervum portat, quem in silva interfecit. Mox
cervus in (on) igne ponetur, et vos cibum habebitis.
412. VOCABULARY
caro, carnis, f., flesh, meat ignis, ignis, -ium, m., fire
fera, -ae, f., wild animal mare, maris, n., the sea
fidelis, -e, faithful nihil, indeclinable t N., nothing
gravis, -e, heavy recta, adv. f directly
habitus, -us, m., appearance,
garb
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
413. 1. You say that your friends love you. 2. I think
you do not have many friends. 3. The sailors believe that
their leader wishes to desert them. 4. I say that our leader
is faithful. 5. Having killed a deer (a deer having been
killed), the leader will return to the shore.
180
VICTIMS FOR A ROMAN SACRIFICE
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES
414. 1. What is a carnivorous animal? 2. Give nouns
derived from fidelis and gravis. 3. Find a verb derived
from ignis. 4. What are marine animals? 5. What does a
nihilist desire in the way of government?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Why is ducem, of the second line of Section 411, in the accusative case?
2. Give the present active and past active infinitives of dico. 3. Give
the present passive and past passive infinitives of mitto. 4. Decline
habitus in the singular number. 5. Write two English sentences which,
if translated into Latin, would take the construction of indirect discourse.
LESSON LXIII
NOUNS OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION: IMPERSONAL VERBS
THE FIFTH DECLENSION
415. The genitive singular of the fifth declension ends in
-ei (after a consonant -ei). The nominative singular always
ends in -es. The nouns dies, day, and res, thing, are declined
as f ollows :
181
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Endings
Nom.
dies
dies
res
res
-es, -es
Gen.
diel
dierum
rei
rerum
-ei (-ei) -erum
Dat.
diel
diebus
rei
rebus
-ei (-ei) -ebus
Acc.
diem
dies
rem
res
-em, -es
Abl.
die
diebus
re
rebus
-e, -ebus
a. Dies is sometimes masculine and sometimes
feminine in the singular, but always masculine in the
plural. The other nouns of this declension are feminine,
except one compound of dies.
b. Only dies and res are declined in full. The other
nouns of this declension lack some or all of the plural
forms.
IMPERSONAL VERBS
416. There are a few Latin verbs which have only the
third person singular, the infinitives, and (occasionally) the
participles. Such verbs are called impersonal. The most
important are oportet, it is necessary (or proper), and licet,
it is permitted.
USE OF OPORTET
417. The impersonal verb oportet is regularly used with
an infinitive and an accusative as subject of the infinitive.
In English the accusative is often translated as subject of
the verb ought, with a dependent infinitive.
Oportet nautas fortes esse, the sailors ought to be brave
(more literally it is proper that the sailors be brave).
ROMAN LAMPS
182
USE OF LICET
418. With licet a dative is used to denote the person who
is permitted to do some act, and the infinitive is used to denote
the act permitted. In Eng-
lish the dative is often
translated as the subject
of may or might with a
verb representing the in-
finitive.
Eis redlre licet, they may
return (more literally it
is permitted them to re-
turn).
a. Frequently the dat-
ive is translated as sub-
ject of a form of permit
(or allow) with a depend-
ent infinitive. The sen-
tence above may be
translated they are per-
mitted to return.
THE PYRAMID OF CESTIUS
READING EXERCISE: FOOD AT LAST
419. Hic nauta ramos siccos portat, ille (nauta) remum
fractum habet, quem in litore invenit. Omnes ignem quam
prlmum accendere et cenam parare properant. Nam per
omnem diem sine cibo in lltore fuerunt, et nunc laetl ducem
appropinquare vident cum cervo, quem umeris portat. Saepe
murmuraverunt, dlcentes ducem non esse fidelem, sed hanc
rem non esse veram nunc sciunt. Oportet eos ducem laudare,
oportet eos ducl gratias agere, qul vltam eorum servavit.
Sed multl ex els neque bonl neque fortes sunt. Sl licet els
cibum habere, nihil aliud volunt, nihil aliud sciunt. Non
vident ducem fortem vltam eorum servavisse.
183
420. VOCABULARY
accendo, -cendere, -cendl, quam primum, as soon as pos-
-censum, kindle, light sible.
dies, diei, m. or f., day ramus, -1, m., bough, branch
licet, licere, licuit, impersonal, remus, -I, m., oar
it is permitted res, rei, f., thing
oportet, oportere, oportuit, it is siccus, -a, -um, dry
proper (or fitting), one ought verus, -a, -um, true
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
421. 1. On that day (Section 328) many brave men were
killed. 2. I have often heard this fact (thing). 3. You are
not permitted (it is not permitted to you) to kindle a fire in
this place. 4. You ought to announce this fact (thing) at
once. 5. You know that the days are long in summer.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES
422. 1. What is the literal meaning of sine dief How is
this phrase used in connection with the meetings of assemblies?
2. What connection can you see between the meaning of
licet and licensef 3. Find from a dictionary the meaning of
ramify. 4. What is the derivation of realt 5. What is a
veracious narrative?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the genitive plural of porta, ramus, dux, ignis, exercitus, dies.
Give the ablative singular of these six words. 2. Give the forms
of licet in the third person singular, active voice, in the six tenses of the
indicative. 3. Write an English sentence which can be translated into
Latin with the use of oportet. Tell what would be the case of the subject
of this sentence when translated into Latin. 4. With what classes of
verbs is indirect discourse used?
184
LESSON LXIV
CARDINAL NUMERALS: DECLENSION OF DUO AND TRES
CARDINAL NUMERALS
423. The numerals used in counting or in telling how
many persons or objects are meant are called cardinal numerals.
The Latin cardinal numerals from one to twenty are as follows:
unus, -a, -um, one
duo, duae, duo, two
tres, tria, three
quattuor, four
quinque, five
sex, six
septem, seven
octo, eight
novem, nine
decem, ten
undecim, eleven
duodecim, twelve
tredecim, thirteen
quattuordecim, fourteen
qulndecim, fifteen
sedecim, sixteen
septendecim, seventeen
duodeviginti, eighteen
undevigintl, nineteen
viginti, twenty
DECLENSION OF DUO AND TRES
424. The numerals duo and tres are declined as follows:
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc. and Fem.
Neut.
duo
duae
duo
tres
tria
duorum
duarum
duorum
trium
trium
duobus
duabus
duobus
tribus
tribus
duos or duo
duas
duo
tres (tris)
tria
duobus
duabus
duobus
tribus
tribus
a. With the exception of unus, duo, and tres, the
numerals given above are not declined. The declension
of unus is like that of solus, which is given in Section
13 of the Appendix. Tres is declined like the plural
of omnis, Section 11, (2), of the Appendix.
185
ROMAN TABLE
425. READING EXERCISE: CONVERSATION
DURING THE FEAST
Nauta I. Haec caro dulcis est.
N. II. Ita est; gaudeo quod carnem iterum edo.
N. III. Quam callidus dux noster est.
N. IV. Gaudemus quod tam callidum ducem habemus.
N. III. Cervum in silva invenit et frontem ejus sagitta
transflxit.
N. N. I et II. Da nobls iterum carnem.
N. V. Similes suibus estis. Nihil ceterls relinquetis.
N. N. I et II. Sed per omnem diem nullum cibum habuimus.
Esuriebamus.
N. VI. Nos quoque esuriebamus, sed non sues sumus.
Non oportet duos aut tres homines totum cervum
edere.
N. N. VII et VIII. Cras in silvam Ibimus. Inde multos
cervos referemus.
186
N. IX. Vix dux callidus noster unum invenit; certe vos non
facile multos invenietis.
Dux. Ipse in silvam quam prlmum redlbo, quia tectum
ibivldi. Quisinhoctectohabitat? Id sclre cupio.
426. VOCABULARY
callidus, -a, -um, shrewd, wise sus, suis, m., p., hog, swine
dulcis, -e, sweet, delicious transfigo, -figere, -flxl-, -fix-
edo, -ere, 1 edi, esum, eat um, pierce
inde, adv. from there vix, adv., scarcely, with diffi-
refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum, culty
bring back
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
427. 1. My brother has gone to the forest with two com-
panions. 2. We crossed the river with three legions. 3. Five
sailors remained on the shore. 4. I saw four men who had
been in Spain. 5. Our companions ought to return to the
ship with our leader.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES
428. 1. What are dulcet tones? 2. Find from a dictionary
the meaning of the Italian phrase Dolce far niente. What do
you suppose is the origin of the Italian word dolcet 3. What
is the origin of the word swine? 4. What is the origin of
the words refer and relatef
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Write the declension of dulcis. 2. Decline together duo homines.
3. Decline together duae puellae. 4. Conjugate transfigo in the present
indicative passive and the perfect indicative active. 5. Give the accusa-
tive singular and the genitive plural of sus.
1 In classical Latin the present active infimtive of this verb is regularly Ssse, and the
third person singular of the present active indicative is est. In this book edere and edit
are used instead of the classical forms.