THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES WITH THREE ENDINGS
17.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom.
acer
acris
acre
Gen.
acris
acris
acris
Dat.
acrl
acrl
acrl
Acc.
acrem
acrem
acre
Abl.
acrl
acrl
Plural
acri
Nom.
acres
acres
acria
Gen.
acrium
acrium
acrium
Dat.
acribus
acribus
acribus
Acc.
acrls, -es
acrls, -es
acria
Abl.
acribus
acribus
acribus
a. There are not many adjectives of this class. They
differ from those of two endings only in the nominative
singular.
READING EXERCISE
308. 1. Hl barbarl sunt acres, sed non mllites bonl sunt,
quod imperata non faciunt. Mlles bonus non solum fortis
est, sed etiam imperata facit. Victoria facilis erit, quod
mllites nostrl ducem bonum habent, cujus imperata facient.
129
2. Omnes qui bene laborant praemia accipient. Pecunia
els dabitur, et laudabuntur. El qul male laborant nulla
praemia accipient, neque laudabuntur.
3. Frater meus mox in Americam ex Europa perveniet-
Quando fratres tui pervenient?
Fratres mel jam in America sunt.
309. VOCABULARY
accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, jam, adv., now, already
accept, receive omnis, -e, all
acer, acris, acre, fierce, eager pervenio, -venire, -veni,
facilis, -e, easy -ventum, arrive
fortis, -e, brave quando, adv., when
imperatum, -I, N., command victoria, -ae, f., victory
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
310. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. The
brave lieutenant will lead the legion to the enemy’s camp.
2. All the boys are working in the fields today. 3. Those
victories were not easy. 4. My brother, who came from
Europe, gave me a reward. 5. The book which you have is
mine.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
311. 1. Give a noun derived from facilis. 2. What is
meant by fortitudef 3. Give the meanings of omnipotent,
omniscient, and omnipresent. 4. Complete the following
formula: victory : victoria : : misery : x.
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Decline together legatus fortis. 2. Decline together victoria
facilis. 3. Give the Latin for the following, putting the nouns in the
nominative: the leader whom, the leader whose, the leaders whose; the consul
by whom, the consuls by whom, the consul to whom (as indirect object); the
ship in which, the ships in which, the ship from which.
130
LESSON XLVIII
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES OF ONE ENDING
312. Some adjectives of the third declension have the
same form in the nominative singular for all genders.
f elix, fortunate
potens, powerful
Singular
Masc. and Fem.
Neut.
Masc. and Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
felix
felix
potens
potens
Gen.
felicis
felicis
potentis
potentis
Dat.
felicl
fellcl
potentl
potentl
Acc.
felicem
fellx
potentem
potens
Abl.
felicl
fellcl
Plural
potentl, -e
potentl, -e
Nom.
felices
fellcia
potentes
potentia
Gen.
fellcium
felicium
potentium
potentium
Dat.
fellcibus
fellcibus
potentibus
potentibus
Acc.
fellcls, -es
fellcia
potentls, -es
potentia
Abl.
fellcibus
fellcibus
potentibus
potentibus
a. The neuter is given separately because it differs
from the masculine and feminine in the accusative sin-
gular and in the nominative and accusative plural.
READING EXERCISE
313. Is homo erat rex potens. Nunc exul est, et paucos
amlcos habet. Longe a patria sua habitat. Clves eum in
patria esse non sinunt, et fllil ejus in vincula conjecti sunt.
Rex non erat sapiens, et clves sunt fellces quod exul est. Comi-
tes ejus eum regem appellant, sed rex sine potentia est.
Multl eorum qul olim reges in Europa erant nunc sunt
exules. At in patria nostra fuit ntillus rex. In hac terra
131
populus regit. Gentes Americae felices sunt quod reges neque
habent neque desiderant.
314. VOCABULARY
at, conj., but potentia, -ae, p., power
conjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, rule
throw sapiens, gen., sapientis, wise
exul, exulis, m., exile sino, -ere, sivi, situm, allow
felix, gen. felicis, happy vinculum, -i, n., chain
potens, gen. potentis, powerful
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
315. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. Your
friend is wise, and he gives you good advice (consilium).
2. We have powerful allies, who will give us help. 3. We
are happy because we have many friends. 4. Wise men did
not expect an easy victory in that war. 5. The consul is the
friend of all the citizens who love their (native) country.
6. The boy was brave, but he was not strong.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
316. 1. Find from a dictionary the source of conjecture.
2. What is meant by felicity? 3. What is a potent argument?
4. What is a regent?’
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Decline together terra felix. 2. Decline together femina sapiens.
3. Give the ablative singular of the following adjectives in all genders:
bonus, miser, fortis, omnis. 4. Rewrite the first two scntences of sec-
tion 313, changing the subjects to the plural.
132
LESSON XLIX
FOURTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS
317. In the fourth declension the genitive singular ends in
-us. The nominative singular ends in -us for the masculine
and feminine and in -u for the neuter. Most nouns ending
in -us are masculine.
exercitus, m.,
army
Singular
Endings
cornu, n., i
horn
Endings
Nom.
exercitus
-US
Nom.
cornu
-U
Gen.
exercitiis
-us
Gen.
corniis
-us
Dat.
exercitul, -ii
-Ul, -u
Dat.
cornu
-u
Acc.
exercitum
-um
Acc.
cornii
-u
Abl.
exercitu
-u
Plural
Abl.
cornu
-u
Nom.
exercitus
-US
Nom.
cornua
-ua
Gen.
exercituum
-uum
Gen.
cornuum
-uum
Dat.
exercitibus
-ibus
Dat.
cornibus
-ibus
Acc.
exercitus
-us
Acc.
cornua
-ua
Abl.
exercitibus
-ibus
Abl.
cornibus
-ibus
a. The dative and ablative plurals of a few masculine
and feminine nouns end in -ubus.
READING EXERCISE: ROMA DEFENDITUR
318. Rex qul ex urbe expulsus est cum exercitii hostium
huc venit (is coming). Urbem capere et multos occldere
cupit. Multos in vincula conjicere etiam cupit. Impetum
facere nunc parat. Nobiles qul eum ex urbe expulerunt
perlculum suum magnum esse sciunt, sed non ignavl sunt, et
se defendere parant. Niintil in omnes partes missl sunt, et
133
vigiles in muro sunt. Rex cum socils suis nunc in conspectii
est. Hl mox usque ad ripam ulteriorem fliiminis venient.
Omnes cives cum armls convenire incipiunt. Consules adsunt,
et omnes pro patria pugnare parati sunt. Fortis Horatius
inter clves pugnat. Postea de fortl Horatio audiemus.
319. VOCABULARY
conspectus, -us, m., sight nobilis, -e, noble; m. plur., the
convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- nobles
tum, assemble occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum,
exercitus, -us, m., army kill
Horatius, -I, m., Horatius usque, adv., all the way, as
impetus, -us, m., attack far as
incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep-
tum, begin
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
320. Translate the f ollowing sentences into Latin : 1. The
consul was the leader of the army which captured the city.
2. The centurion was killed in sight of the legion. 3. The
barbarians made many attacks on our camp, but they were
repulsed. 4. Our (native) country has always been safe
without large armies. 5. But our citizens ought to be pre-
pared to defend their (native) country.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
321. 1. What is a conventionf 2. What is the meaning of
impetus as an English word? 3. What is the incipient stage of
a f ever? 4. What is the meaning of inceptionf
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Decline together exercitus noster. 2. Decline together cornu
longum. 3. Give the ablative singular of murus, conspectus, flumen,
insigne. 4. Write the third person singular of occido, active and passive,
in all the tenses which have been learned.
134
LESSON L
CONJUGATION OF EO AND ITS COMPOUNDS
PRESENT SYSTEM OF EO
322. The irregular verb eo, go, is conjugated in the present
system in the indicative as follows:
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
FUTURE
Singular
Singular
Singular
eo
Ibam
Ibo
Is
Ibas
Ibis
it
Ibat
Ibit
Plural
Plural
Plural
Imus
Ibamus
Ibimus
Itis
Ibatis
Ibitis
eunt
Ibant
Ibunt
a. The principal parts are eo, Ire, ii or Ivi, itum.
The perfect is formed as in regular verbs: ii (Ivi), etc.
The second person of the perfect is Isti in the singular and
Istis in the plural. The third person singular is iit.
COMPOUNDS OF EO
323. There are many compounds of eo, such as exeo, go
out, redeo, go back, transeo, go across. They are conjugated
like eo, with the syllable ex-, red-, trans-, etc, prefixed.
Thus, exeo, exis, exit, etc.
READING EXERCISE
324. 1. Puer sero ad tectum redlbat, et solus per silvam
Ibat. In omnes partes spectabat, quod perlculum timebat.
Erat ntillum perlculum in silva, sed puer erat parvus, et non
saepe longe a tecto Ibat sine patre aut matre aut fratribus.
Tandem lucem vldit, et currere coepit. Lux in fenestra erat, et
135
mater puerum expectabat. Mater laeta erat quod puer
tiitus redlbat.
2. Copiae Romanorum iter verterunt, et nunc flumen
transeunt quod inter agros sociorum suorum et hostes fluit.
Sed tamen paucl milites in hoc loco relictl sunt, qui oppida
sociorum defendunt. Post proelium totus exercitus huc
redibit.
325. VOCABULARY
coepi, coepisse, began sero, adv., late, too late
cuxr6,-ere,cucurri,cursum, run tamen, adv., still, nevertheless
eo, ire, ii (Ivi), itum, go tandem, adv., at length
redeo, -ire, -ii -itum, return transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, cross
relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, verto, -ere, verti, versum, turn
-lictum, leave
a. The verb coepi is commonly used instead of the
perfect of incipio.
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
326. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. I go
because my (native) country calls me. 2. We have turned our
course (march), and we shall cross the river. 3. All the
soldiers who have returned are now in camp. 4. We were
going through the forest in the evening with your father.
5. The small boy began to run, because he was afraid (he
feared). 6. A few will cross the river which is behind the camp.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
327. l.What connection in meaning can you see between
curro and the noun current (i. e. the current of the river)?
2. What is the meaning of relinquishf 3. Find from a diction-
ary the derivation of relic. 4. What is a tandem team?
5. What is meant by goods in transit? 6. What is a new
version of a story?
136
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate venio and exeo in the future. 2. Give the third person
singular of sedeo in the present, imperfect, future, and perfect tenses.
3. Rewrite the last two sentences of 1, section 324, changing the verbs to
the future tense. 4. Name the tense of each verb found in paragraph 2
of section 324.
LESSON LI
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME
THE ABLATIVE OF TIME AT WHICH
328. The time at which or within which an act takes place
is regularly expressed in Latin by a noun or pronoun in the
ablative case without a preposition.
Eo anno pater meus tectum novum aedificavit, my father
built a new house that year.
a. Commonly these expressions of time have the
preposition in or on or at in English: in that year; qn the
same day; at the appointeol hour.
THE ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OF TIME
329. In English we sometimes use a noun without a prepo-
sition to tell how long an act or a situation continues. Thus,
We stayed in the country three days. We may also say We
stayed in the country for three days. The expressions three days
in the first sentence, and for three days in the second mean
exactly the same thing. In Latin a word which is thus used
to denote duration of time is put in the accusative without a
preposition. Multas horas in Insula mansi, I remained on
the island many hours (or for many hours).
a. The ablative of time answers the question When?
The accusative of duracion answers the question How
longf
137
READING EXERCISE: VIGILIAE CASTRORUM
330. Apud Romanos in bello nox in quattuor vigilias
dividebatur. Duae vigiliae ante mediam noctem erant et
duae post mediam noctem. Prlma vigilia mllites, qui vigiles
appellabantur, circum vallum castrorum disponebantur. Hi
in suls locls usque ad flnem prlmae vigiliae manebant, tum ad
tabernacula discedebant, et alii vigiles succedebant. Ita
castra totam noctem a vigilibus custodiebantur. Prlma
hlce mllites e somno excitabantur. Hostes non facile castra
Romana nocte expugnabant, quae nullo tempore erant sine
vigilibus. Barbarl castra sua ita non custodiebant, et castra
eorum interdum ab hostibus noctii oppugnata sunt et capta
(sunt) .
331. VOCABULARY
apud, prep. with acc, among, quattuor, four
with succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
custodio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, sum, succeed, take the
guard place of
discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- tempus, temporis, n., time
sum, withdraw, go away vigilia, -ae, f., watch
disp6no,-ponere, -posui, -posi-
tum, arrange, station
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
332. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. In
the first watch the enemy made an attack on the redoubt.
2. Your sister remained in Europe two years. 3. At daybreak
we returned to the town with the army. 4. We walked all
night, and we are tired.
ENGLISH DERTVATIVES FROM LATIN
333. 1. What is a temporary appointment? 2. What
is a custodidnf Find another noun which is derived from
138
custodio. 3. What two meanings, apparently very different,
does the English word succeed have? Give a noun which is
derived from the past participle of succedo. 4. What is the
meaning of the English word vigilf
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Point out the ablatives and the accusatives in section 330 which ex-
press ideas of time. 2. Write an English sentence containing an expression
of time at which, and a sentence containing an expression of duration
of time.
VIEW OF MODERN ROME FROM THE CAPITOLINE HILL
139
334.
SIXTH REVIEW LESSON
VOCABULARY REVIEW, LESSONS XLV-LI
castellum, -I
conspectus, -iis
exercitus, -us
explorator, -oris
exul, exulis
imperatum, -I
impetus, -us
navis, navis
pons, pontis
potentia, -ae
tempus, temporis
victoria, -ae
vigilia, -ae
vinculum, -I
acer, acris, acre
facilis, -e
fellx, gen. felicis
fortis, -e
nobilis, -e
omnis, -e
potens, gen. potentis
primus, -a, -um
sapiens, gen. sapientis
sublicius, -a, -um
quattuor
septem
qui, quae, quod
unus, -a, -um
uterque, -traque, -trumque
accipio, -ere
coepl
conjicio, -ere
convemo, -ire
curro, -ere
custodio, -Ire
discedo, -ere
dispono, -ere
divido, -ere
eo, Ire
facio, -ere
incipio, -ere
lateo, -ere
occldo, -ere
pervenio, -Ire
redeo, -Ire
rego, -ere
relinquo, -ere
repello, -ere
sino, -ere
succedo, -ere
transeo, -Ire
verto, -ere
antlquitus
jam
postea
quando
sero
tamen
tandem
usque
apud
intra
at
140
WORD STUDY: LATIN SUFFDIES
335. A word element consisting of one or more letters or
syllables joined to the end of a word is called a suffix.
It is usually difficult to give exact meanings to Latin suffixes.
Often we can only say that they are used in forming certain
classes of words. They differ from prefixes in that they are
not usually added to whole words to form new ones. Instead,
words with which suffixes are employed are usually altered
by the loss or change of one or more letters before the suffix.
Thus, civitas is derived from civis, but the ending -tas instead
of being added to civis is used with civi — .
336. Among the suffixes which are used in forming nouns
are -ia, -tia, -ium, (-t)io, -do, -tas, -tus, -tus (-sus).
Examples of their use in forming nouns from other nouns,
from adjectives, and from verbs are the following:
(From nouns) (From adjeclives) (From verbs)
clvitas (clvis) altitudo (altus) adventus (advenio)
servitus (servus) amicitia (amicus) imperium (impero)
virttis (vir) celeritas (celer) oppugnatio (oppugno)
CHANGES IN SPELLING
337. There are numerous English adjectives and nouns
which end in -ant or -ent, such as independent, patient, tenant,
apparent, constant. Most of these words come from Latin
present participles, which have stems ending in -ant, -ent, or
-ient. These different endings all became -ant in French, and
hence we have some words, as for example tenant, with the
ending -ant, although the form of the Latin word from which
it comes would lead us to expect the ending -ent. In many
cases, however, we have the ending which we should expect
from the spelling of the original Latin word. All derivatives
of this class which have come from verbs of the first conju-
gation end in -ant.
141
EXERCISE
Decide whether derivatives from the verbs constare, militare, vigilare,
will end in -ent or -ant. Write English sentences illustrating the use of
the words facility, fortitude, relinquish, custodian.
LESSON LII
THE IMPERATIVE
USE OF THE IMPERATTVE
338. The imperative mood is used to express commands.
Thus, Close the door; Wait till I come. The verbs close and
wait are in the imperative mood.
THE IMPERATIVE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
339. The present active imperative of regular verbs of the
four conjugations in Latin is as follows:
I II
Sing. porta, carry (said to one person) mone
Plur. portate, carry (said to more than one) monete
III IV
Sing. mitte cape audi
Plur. mittite capite audite
a. The verbs dico, duco, and facio have the irregular
forms dic, duc, and fac in the singular of the present
active imperative. In the plural they are regular.
b. The verb do difTers from other first conjugation
verbs in that the a is short in the plural imperative
date. The singular, da, is regular.
THE IMPERATPVES OF EO AND SUM
340. The imperatives of eo are I (singular), and Ite (plural)..
142
Compounds of eo form their imperatives like the simple verb.
Thus transi, transite, etc.
The imperatives of sum are es (singular) and este (plural).
READING EXERCISE: ETRUSCI ROMAM CAPERE TEMPTANT
341. “Gladios, mllites, sumite, et in Romanos impetum
facite. Nam pontem sublicium frangere cupiunt, qul est
inter nos et urbem eorum. Secures habent et his securibus
lignum caedunt. Dux eorum est fortis Horatius, qul inter
prlmos verbera diira dat. Eum et comites ejus ex ponte
pellite. Nollte sinere Romanos pontem ita frangere.” Ita
dux Etriiscorum dlxit, qui Romam capere et regem Romanum
restituere cupiebat. Is rex Romanus erat exul. Romani
tum consules habebant, qul exercitum ducebant et urbem
regebant. Unus ex hls consulibus tum erat ignavus, neque
auxilium dabat. Sed omnes clves fortiter urbem defenderunt.
Pons fractus est, et urbs ita servata est.
342. VOCABULARY
caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesum, restituo, -ere, restitul, resti-
cut tutum, restore
dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, say securis, securis, -ium, f., ax
durus, -a, -um, hard sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum,
frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, take, assume
break verbera, -um, n. pl., blows
nolite, be unwilling, do not (found also in a few singular
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, forms)
drive
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
343. Translate the f ollowing sentences into Latin : 1. Give
your book to the boy who stands behind you. 2. Send money
at once, if you are my friend. 3. Soldiers, break down the
bridge with axes. 4. Citizens, defend your houses bravely.
5. Warn those men who are in danger. 6. Come at once to
\he river, boys.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
143
344. 1. What connection in meaning can you see between
dico and dictionaryf What is meant by diction? 2. Give a
noun which is derived from the past participle of frango.
3. What is the difference between repel and propel? 4. What
preposition is combined with sumo to form the word from
which assume is derived? 5. What is meant by the expression
“to make restitution ,, f
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the present active imperatives, singular and plural, of ambuld,
jubeo, defendo, cupio, munio. 2. Conjugate defendo in the present
and future indicative, active and passive. 3. Explain and illustrate the
difference between the use of the accusative and the ablative in expres-
sions of time.
ENTRANCE TO A ROMAN FORTIFIED CAMP
144
LESSON LIII
CONJUGATION OF POSSUM
345. The verb possum, I am able or I can, is irregular.
It is a compound of sum and the adjective potis, able. The
present system in the indicative mood is as follows:
PRESENT
Singular Plural
possum, I am able, or I can possumus, we are able, etc.
potes, you are able, you can potestis, you are able, etc.
potest, he is able, he can possunt, they are able, etc.
IMPERFECT
Singular Plural
poteram, I was able, I could poteramus, we were able, etc.
poteras, you were able, etc. poteratis, you were able, etc.
poterat, he was able, etc. poterant, they were able, etc.
FUTURE
Singular Plural
potero, I shall be able poterimus, we shall be able
poteris, you will be able poteritis, you will be able
poterit, he will be able poterunt, they will be able
a. The principal parts are possum, posse, potui. The
perfect is formed like that of regular verbs: potui,
potuisti, etc.
READING EXERCISE: CASTRA ROMANA OPPUGNANTUR
346. Hostes castra Romana paene circumvenerunt.
Romanl ex castrls effugere non possunt, sed fortiter se de-
fendent. Herl duo centuriones ex porta exierunt et in hostes
impetum fecerunt. Unus vulneratus in castra sine auxilio
145
se recipere non poterat. Sed alter hostes reppulit et comitem
suum servavit. Signifer, vir fortis, qul erat in vallo, inter-
fectus est. Socil auxilium mlserunt, et Romanl eas copias
expectant. Sl mox venient, hostes castra non capient. Ro-
mani enim ex castrls impetum in hostes facient, et socii a
tergo eos oppugnabunt. Hostes pellentur, et castra serva-
buntur.
347. VOCABULARY
alter, altera, alterum, the paene, adv., almost
other possum, posse, potui, am
circumvenio, -venire, -veni, able, can
-ventum, surround recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep-
effugio, -fugere, -fugi, escape tum, takeback; se recipere,
enim, conj., for (never stands withdraw, retreat
first in its clause) signifer, signiferi, m., stand-
exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go out, ard-bearer
go from
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
348. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. I
cannot hear you from this place. 2. We were able to cross
the river, but we were not able to capture the camp. 3. The
army of the enemy could not escape. 4. The citizens who
have arms will be able to defend themselves. 5. Why do
you not go? Answer me (indirect object) at once. 6. The
sound of the horses’ feet in the street can be heard from this
place.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
349. 1. What is an alternative route? 2. Find from a
dictionary the meaning of circumvent. 3. What is an exitf
4. What is the meaning of the statement “He was the recipient
of much praise”? 5. What is a vulnerable place?
146
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate possum in the perfect, giving the meaning of cach form.
2: Give the third person singular and plural of possum in all the tenses
which have been studied. 3. Rewrite the first sentence in section 346,
changing the verb to the passive voice. 4. Conjugate exeo in the future
indicative.
LESSON LIV
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
THE USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS
350. Thus far, the personal pronouns /, you, he, etc, as
subjects of the verb, have been indicated in Latin by the
personal endings of the verb, -6, -s, -t, etc. But when the
importance of the subject is emphasized or a contrast is brought
out between subjects which are not in the same person, a
personal pronoun in the nominative is used in Latin as in
English.
The other cases than the nominative are used as we should
expect, except that the genitive of the pronouns of the first
and second persons is not used to denote possession. The
possessive adjectives meus, tuus, noster, vester take the
place of the genitive in expressions of possession. The use
of the genitive singular is not common.
DECLENSION OF EGO AND TU
351. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons,
meaning I and you, are declined as follows:
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nom.
ego
nos
tu
vos
Gen.
mel
nostrum, nostri
tui
vestrum, vestrl
Dat.
mihi
nobis
tibi
vobls
Acc.
me
nos
te
vos
Abl.
me
nobis
te
vobls
147
a. The forms nostrum and vestrum are used in
phrases meaning part of us, many of us, part of you, and
the like. A genitive of this sort is called a genitive of
the whole. In the phrase pars militum, the noun militum
is a genitive of the whole.
b. The forms nostri and vestri are used with nouns
which denote action or feeling, to denote the person or
thing which stands as object of the action or feeling
expressed. They are not employed in the exercises of
this book.
c. When the ablative forms me, te, nobis, vobis, and
also se (Section 281) are used as objects of the preposition
cum, they have cum attached as a final syllable: thus,
mecum, with me, tecum, with you, nobiscum, with us, etc.
PERSONAL PRONOUN OF THE THIRD PERSON
352. As has been previously seen, the demonstrative is, ea,
id serves as a personal pronoun of the third person, meaning he,
she, it, they, etc. The nominative may be used for emphasis
or when it is needed to make the meaning clear. Sometimes
the forms of hic and ille are used instead of is as the pronoun
of the third person.
READING EXERCISE: ROMANUS ET GALLUS
353. 1. (The Roman speaks.) Ego Romanus sum, tu
Gallus es. Romani cum Gallls bellum gerunt, et exercitus
noster agros Galliae vastat. Sed ego numquam a te injuriam
accepl, et nunc mecum in urbe nostra tuto manere potes.
Post bellum in patriam tuam redlre poteris, et tecum Ibo.
2. (The Gaul speaks.) Sed uter patriam suam magis amat,
is qul in terra hostium ttitus manet, an is qul in bello pugnat
et tecta et agros clvium suorum defendit? Ego tecum ttitus
esse possum, sed amlcl mel in perlculo sunt, et in terra hostium
cum honore manere non possum. Statim redlre et pro patria
pugnare cupio. Amlcl mel me ignavum esse putabunt si
148
in urbe tua manebo. Cum pax inter Galliam et Romam
erit, iterum ego et tii amlcl erimus.
354. VOCABULARY
an, conj., or numquam, adv., never
ego, I pax, pacis, f., peace
honor, -oris, m., honor tu, you (of one person)
injuria, -ae, f., injury, tuto, adv., safely
injustice uter, -tra, -trum, which (of
magis, adv., more two)?
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
355. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. I
shall go to (in) Europe; you will remain in America. 2. We
are good citizens; you are enemies of the country (not terra).
3. Come with me, and I will show you a beautiful picture.
4. Many of us go to the mountains or (aut) to the sea in
summer. 5. We have not been helped by you (plural), and
we shall not help you. 6. Who can carry these books?
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
356. 1. What sort of person is an egotistf 2. Can you
find another word besides honor which has the same spelling
in English and in Latin? 3. Give an adjective which is
derived from injuria. 4. Find from a dictionary the meaning
of nostrum as an English word.
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following: us {direct object), by us, by you
(plural), to you (plural, indirect object), to us (indirect object), to me (indi-
rect object). 2. Give the first person singular and plural of possum in
all the tenses which have been studied. 3. Give the present active
imperatives of puto, maneo, and accipio.
149
LESSON LV
PAST PERFECT
MEANING OF THE PAST PERFECT
357. The past perfect tense represents an act as completed
at some specified or suggested time in the past. The English
past perfect has the English auxiliary verb had. Thus, I had
carried, you had carried, etc.
FORMATION OF THE LATIN PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
358. The past perfect indicative active of the Latin verb
has the tense sign -era-, which is added to the perfect stem.
The endings are used as in the imperfect. The a of the tense
sign is short befdre the endings -m, -t, and -nt.
Singular
portaveram, I had carried monueram, / had warned
portaveras, you had carried monueras, you had warned
portaverat, he had carried monuerat, he had warned
Plural
portaveramus, we had carried monueramus, we had warned
portaveratis, you had carried monueratis, you had warned
portaverant, they had carried monuerant, they had warned
THE PAST PERFECT PASSIVE
359. The past perfect in the passive voice is formed by
combining the past participle with the imperfect tense of
sum.
Singular
portatus eram, I had been carried monitus eram
portatus eras, you had been carried monitus eras
portatus erat, he had been carried monitus erat
150
Plural
portatl eramus, we had been carried moniti eramus
portatl eratis, you had been carried moniti eratis
portatl erant, theij had been carried monitl erant
READING EXERCISE: HOSTES REPELLUNTUR
360. Ipse imperator hostium illum locum cum multls
mllitibus tenebat. Parvum agmen circum montem miserat,
et hoc agmen ad castra nostra appropinquabat. Sol surgere
incipiebat, sed vigiles loca sua nondum rellquerant. Mllites
nostrl, qul excitatl erant, signa et arma hostium vlderunt, et
multl celeriter ad vallum cucurrerunt. Alil portas aperuerunt
et in hostes impetum fecerunt. Hostes non diu restiterunt,
quod satis magnas copias non habebant. Castra sua petierunt,
sed multl in fuga interfectl sunt.
361. VOCABULARY
aperio, -Ire, -ul, -tum, open resisto, -sistere, -stiti, resist
fuga, -ae, f., flight sol, solis, m., sun
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrec-
nondum, adv., not yet tum, rise
peto, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, seek, teneo, -ere, -ui, hold
ask f or
a. Ipse is declined exactly like ille (section 149) except
that the neuter singular ends in -um in the nominative
and accusative.
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
362. 1. Saepe in eo loco sine perlculo ambulavera — (sub-
ject “we”). 2. Ciir pueros non monuera — (subject “you”)
qul tecum erant? 3. Legio diti restitera — , et multl inter-
fectl erant. 4. Quis librum vldit quem in hoc loco rellqu —
(subject “I”)f 5. Imperator cum exercitu venera — , et urbs
tiita erat.
151
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
363. 1. What is a petition? What is a partition? 2. What
is a solar eclipse? 3. What are surging waves? 4. What is a
tenacious memory?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate possum in the past perfect indicative. 2. Give the
third person singular of peto in the active and passive indicative.
3. Decline together ipse dux. 4. Conjugate surgo in the perfect and
past perfect, active voice.
LESSON LVI
DECLENSION OF IDEM
364. The declension of Idem, same, is as follows:
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom.
Idem
eadem
idem
Gen.
ejusdem
ejusdem
ejusdem
Dat.
eidem
eldem
eldem
Acc.
eundem
eandem
idem
Abl.
eodem
eadem
Plural
eodem
Nom.
Idem or eldem
eaedem
eadem
Gen.
eorundem
earundem
eorundem
Dat.
elsdem or
Isdem
elsdem or
Isdem
elsdem or Isdem
Acc.
eosdem
easdem
eadem
Abl.
elsdem or
Isdem
elsdem or
Isdem
elsdem or Isdem
o. The forms of idem are seen to be for the most part
identical with those of is with the syllable -dem added.
Before d the final -m is changed to -n.
152
b. Occasionally Idem is used as a pronoun meaning
the same person (neuter, idem, the same thing). But it
is commonly used as an adjective in agreement with a
noun.
READING EXERCISE: ROMULUS ET REMUS
365. 1. Animum attendite, puerl et puellae; fabulam
vobis narrabo. Olim duo fratres urbem condere incipiebant.
IJnus ex hls fratribus erat Romulus. Frater ejus erat Remus.
Uterque nomen suum urbl dare cupiebat, et inter eos erat
controversia, quod duo nomina eldem urbl darl non poterant.
Denique nomen Roma ex Romulo urbl datum est. Sed
Remus erat Iratus et muros urbis irrlsit, quod parvl erant.
Tum unus ex comitibus Romull Remum interfecit.
2. Dux meus est Romulus, et nomen ejus huic urbl dabitur.
Nunc urbs est parva, sed postea magna et clara erit, et omnes
nomen ejus audient. Cum urbs magna erit, magnos mQros
habebit; homines tum eos muros non irrldebunt.
366. VOCABULARY
animus, -I, m., mind, spirit denique, adv., finally
attendo, -tendere, -tendi, Idem, eadem, idem, same
-tentum, turn toward; ani- Iratus, -a, -um, angry
mum attendere, give atten- irrideo, -ridere, -risi, -risum,
tion laugh at
condo, -ere, condidi, condi- narro, -are, -avi, -atum,
tum, found, establish tell, relate, tell a story
controversia, -ae, f., contro- Remus, -I, m., Remus
versy Romulus, -I, m., Romulus
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
367. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. We
are citizens of the same town, but we are not friends. 2. These
two boys were running to the same place. 3. Letters were
given to the same messenger by the lieutenant and the cen-
turion. 4. The fields of Gaul were often laid waste by the
153
same enemies. 5. We shall send the same soldiers again to
the enemy’s camp. 6. We returned to the same city in the
winter, but we did not see the same men and women.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
368. 1. What is an animated manner? 2. What is a
controversial manner? 3. What is meant by an irate parent?
4. What is a tedious narrativef
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Decline together Idem legatus. 2. Decline together eadem urbs.
3. Conjugate condo in the perfect and past perfect, active voice. 4. Con-
jugate attendo and irrideo in the future, active voice.
VIEW ON THE APPIAN WAY
154
LESSON LVII
FUTURE PERFECT: SYNOPSIS OF VERBS
MEANING OF THE FUTURE PERFECT
369. The future perfect tense represents an act as to be
completed at some specified or suggested time in the future.
Thus, / shall have finished the work in two weeks. The future
perfect is used less frequently than the other tenses in English.
It is used somewhat more frequently in Latin than in English.
FORMATION OF THE FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE
370. The future perfect indicative active of the Latin
verb has the tense sign -eri-, which is added to the perfect
stem. The personal endings are used as in the present tense.
The l of the tense sign disappears before -6 in the first person
singular.
Singular
portavero, I shall have carried monuero
portaveris, you will have carried monueris
portaverit, he will have carried monuerit
Plural
portaverimus, we shall have carried monuerimus
portaveritis, you will have carried monueritis
portaverint, they will have carried monuerint
THE FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE
371. The future perfect in the passive voice is formed by
combining the past participle of a verb with the future indica-
tive of sum.
Singular
portatus ero, I shall have been carried monitus ero
portatus eris, you will have been carried monitus eris
portatus erit, he will have been carried monitus erit
155
Plural
portatl erimus, we shall have been carried moniti erimus
portati eritis, you will have been carried monitl eritis
portatl erunt, they will have been carried monitl erunt
THE SYNOPSIS OF VERBS
372. A group of verb forms made up by taking any one
person of a verb in all the tenses of one voice and number is
called a synopsis of that verb. The synopsis of porto in the
first person singular, active voice, indicative mood, is as
follows:
Pres. porto Perf. portavl
Impf. portabam P. Perf. portaveram
Fut. portabo F. Perf. portavero
READING EXERCISE: VERBA MlLITUM ANTE PROELIUM
373. Ab omnibus partibus est silentium. Nox est obscura,
quod luna non fulget. Hostes adventum nostrum non vide-
bunt, et in castra eorum perveniemus antequam arma para-
verint. Deinde impetum faciemus et multos capiemus. Hostes
fugere non poterunt, quod castra circumveniemus. Cum
captlvls quos ceperimus, urbem nostram in triumpho intrabi-
mus, et omnes clves nos propter victoriam nostram salutabunt
et laudabunt. Laeti urbem et amlcos iterum videbimus.
Longe a patria absumus, et paene exules sumus.
Haec ante proelium erant verba mllitum.
374. VOCABULARY
adventus, -us, m., coming, ar- fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, shine
rival intro, -are, -avi, -atum, enter
antequam, conj., before silentium, -I, n., silence
captivus, -I, m., prisoner triumphus, -I, m., triumph
deinde, adv., next verbum, -I, n., word
fugio, -ere, fugi, flee
156
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
376. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. We
shall be happy, because we shall have seen our native country
again. 2. I shall have walked for a long time, and I shall be
tired out. 3. When you (shall) have returned, you will be
unhappy. 4. The legion will have driven back the enemy,
but the danger will remain. 5. The king had fled with a few
companions. 6. The Romans often led barbarians in triumph
through the streets of Rome.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
376. 1. Give a noun which is derived from adventus.
2. Complete the following outline of derivation by replac-
ing the dash by a Latin verb: captive, captivus, .
3. Give a noun which is derived from fugio. 4. Find from
a dictionary the meaning of refulgent. 5. What is a triumphal
procession?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the third person plural of laudo in the active voice, in the
six tenses which have been studied. 2. Give the third person singular
of mitto in the active and passive of the six tenses which have been studied.
3. Conjugate maneo in the perfect and future perfect, active voice.
ROMAN SPOONS AND BOWL
157
LESSON LVIII
DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS
377. Most verbs meaning to please, displease, trust, dis-
trust, believe, persuade, serve, obey, favor, resist, envy, threaten,
pardon, and spare govern the dative.
Equus tibi placet, the horse pleases you.
a. The verbs pareo and resisto, previously given, are
of this class.
b. The English equivalents of these verbs take direct
objects, but the Latin words did not suggest to the
Romans a direct object. Thus persuadere meant make
attractive to, and placere meant be pleasing to.
READING EXERCISE
378. 1. Animum attendite et audlte, comites. Illum
collem capere jussl sumus. Duci nostro parebimus, et statim
impetum faciemus. Copiae hostium nobls non diii resistent,
quod paucae sunt, et castra eorum non facile defendl possunt.
Brevl tempore illl erunt aut captivl aut mortul.
2. Socils nostrls gratias agimus quod auxilium nobls dederunt.
Ex maximo bello servatl sumus, et iterum in terra nostra est
pax. Niiper patria nostra in magno perlculo erat, sed nunc
hostes ex urbibus agrlsque expulsl sunt. Ab omnibus partibus
voces eorum audimus qul propter flnem belll laetl sunt.
Nunc ipsum nomen belll odimus.
379. VOCABULARY
ago, agere, egi, actum, do, mortuus, -a, -um, dead
drive nuper, adv., recently
brevis, -e, short odi, odisse, hate
gratia, -ae, f., favor; gratias -que, conj., and
agere, to thank vox, vocis, f., voice
maximus, -a, -um, greatest
158
a. The conjunction -que, meaning and, is joined to
the second of the two words which it connects. Thus,
collis montesque means the hill and the mountains. A
word or syllable which is thus attached to the end of
another word is called an enclitic. The preposition cum
is used as an enclitic with the ablative forms of ego,
tu, qui, and the reflexive sui (Section 351, c).
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
380. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. Boys,
obey your father, and remain at home. 2. The boys obeyed
their father and mother and remained at home. 3. We have
resisted the enemy, and we have saved the town. 4. I hear
the voices of the sentinels who are in f ront of the camp. 5. The
consul will lead the prisoners in triumph through the city.
6. The citizens thanked us, and our friends praised us.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
381. 1. What connection in meaning can you see between
action and ago? 2. What is brevityf 3. What is meant by
the maximum capacity? 4. What is the meaning of odiumt
5. What is vocal music?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin forfriend in the sentences “He praises his friend”
and “He pleases his friend.” 2. Write two English sentences contain-
ing direct objects which will be translated into Latin by the dative and
two containing direct objects which will be translated by the accusative.
3. Write two English sentences containing indirect objects. 4. Write
the third person singular of ago, active and passive, in all six tenses.
159
LESSON LIX
FORMS OF QUESTIONS
382. There are three forms of Latin questions aside from
those which are introduced by an interrogative pronoun or
adverb. The first form has -ne, added to an important word,
usually the first word, the second form is introduced by
nonne, and the third by num. The translation of these three
forms is illustrated by the following:
Venitne? has he comef
Nonne venit? has he not come (hasrtt he come)?
Num venit? he has not come, has hef
a. Sometimes -ne is omitted, and a question of the
first form indicated merely by the interrogation point.
b. In answers “yes” is often expressed by ita (liter-
ally, so). Often a question is answered by repeating the
verb. Thus, “Venitne?” “Has he come?” “Venit,” “He
has.” The answer “no” may be expressed by non (or
minime) or by repeating the verb with a negative. Thus
“Adestne?” “Is he present?” “Non adest,” “No.”
READING EXERCISE: PUER IN FLUMEN CADIT
383. 1. Parvus puer in flumen cecidit. In perlculo est,
quod flumen altum est.
Num puer natare potest?
Minime. Funem demittite.
Ego in flumen desiliam et eum juvabo.
Potesne tu. natare?
Ita. Nonne saepe in flumine et lacii nato? Da mihi
funem, et puerum servabo.
Nunc puer funem prehendit. Trahite, amici, puerum
juvate.
2. Omnes natare sclre debent. Slc aut vitam suam ser-
160
vare aut alios juvare poterunt. Is qui bene natat non timet
cum in fhlmen cadit.
Sciuntne amlci tul natare?
Ita. Nonne nos vldistis in fhimine quod non longe ab
oppido nostro abest? Ibi saepe natamus.
384. VOCABULARY
cado, -ere, cecidi, fall lacus, -us, m., lake
demitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- minime, adv., least, not at all
sum, let down prehendo, -hendere, -hendi,
desilio, -ire, -ui, desultum, -hensum, seize, take hold of
jump down traho, -ere, traxi, tractum,
funis, funis, -ium, m., rope drag, draw, pull
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
385. Tell which form of question is illustrated by each of
the first four sentences which follow. Translate all the sen-
tences into Latin: 1. Do you not see the men and the bridge?
2. The river is not deep, is it? 3. Do the consuls live on the
Palatine? 4. Did not our soldiers save your (native) country?
5. Your army resisted the barbarians bravely, but you did
not have sufnciently large forces. 6. The soldiers obey the
lieutenant, but they hate him.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
386. 1. What relation in form can you see between cado
and accidentf What Latin preposition is represented by the
first syllable of accidentf 2. Find from a dictionary the mean-
ing of desultory. 3. What is a prehensile-t&iled monkey?
4. What is a tractorf
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Write English sentences illustrating each class of Latin questions
described in the lesson. 2. Give the present active infinitive of each
verb in the lesson. 3. Decline the pronouns ego and tu. 4. Decline
the relative pronoun.
161
387.
SEVENTH REVIEW LESSON
VOCABULARY REVIEW, LESSONS LII-LIX
adventus, -tis
animus, -I
captlvus, -I
controversia, -ae
fuga, -ae
funis, fiinis
gratia, -ae
honor, honoris
injuria, -ae
lacus, -us
pax, pacis
securis, securis
signifer, -eri
silentium, -I
sol, solis
triumphus, -I
, , enugio, -ere
verbera, verberum
vox, vocis
ego, gen. mel possum, posse
Idem, eadem, idem prehendo, -ere
ipse, ipsa, ipsum recipio, -ere
tu, gen. tui
uter, -tra, -trum
ago, -ere
aperio, -Ire
attendo, -ere
cado, -ere
caedo, -ere
circumvenio, -Ire
condo, -ere
demitto, -ere
desilio, -Ire
dlco, -ere
alter, altera,
alterum
brevis, -e
diirus, -a, -um
Iratus, -a, -um
exeo, -lre
frango, -ere
fugio, -ere
fulgeo, -ere
intro, -are
irrldeo, -ere
odl
resisto, -ere
restituo, -ere
siimo, -ere
surgo, -ere
teneo, -ere
traho, -ere
antequam
deinde
denique
magis
minime
nondum
numquam
nuper
paene
tiito
an
enim
-que
maximus, -a, -um pello, -ere
mortuus, -a, -um peto, -ere
ROMANCE WORDS FROM LATIN
388. We have already seen (Lesson I, page 1) that the
Romance languages are of Latin origin.
A glance at the following table, giving the numbers from
one to ten in Latin and in the modern languages derived from
162
Latin, will show how close the relation is between these lan-
guages and Latin.
Latin Italian French Spanish Portuguese Roumanian English
iinus uno un uno um
duo due deux dos dois
tres tre trois tres trez
quattuor quattro quatre cuatro quatro
qulnque cinque cinq cinco cinco
sex sei six seis seis
septem sette sept siete sete
octo otto huit ocho oito
novem nove neuf nueve nove
decem dieci dix diez dez
a. The French words for the (Je, la, les) are derived
from Latin ille. The word for is (est) is spelled in
French exactly as in Latin although pronounced differ-
ently.
un
one
doi
two
trei
three
patru
four
cinci
five
sesse
six
septe
seven
opt
eight
noua
nine
zece
ten