WORD STUDY: ASSIMILATION
233 . The f orm of a Latin prefix is sometimes changed because
of the letter which immediately f ollows it. For example, before
words beginning with p the prefix ad becomes ap-. Thus from
ad and propinquo we get appropinquo. The change of a letter
because of the influence of an adjoining letter is called as-
similation. The words occupo and oppugno in the review vocab-
ulary of page 73 are examples of assimilation. The prefix
with which they are both formed is ob, against. Before c this
has become oc- (ob+capio, occupo), and before p it has become
op- (ob+pugno, oppugno).
Sometimes a letter is not changed to the same letter as that
which follows, but to one which can be easily pronounced with
it. The prefix com- becomes con- before d or s. Hence we
have conduco from com- and duco, and conservo from com-
and servo. The meaning of this prefix will be explained later.
SPELLING OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES
234. The fact that certain English words have doubled
consonants (acc-, occ-, off-) is due to assimilation in the Latin
words from which they have come. Thus difficult is from a
Latin word in the development of which the inseparable
prefix dis- has become dif- bef ore a word beginning with f ; hence
we have ff in difficult. In the word correction the letters cor
represent the prefix com-, and the second r is from rego to
which com- has been prefixed, giving rr in the derived word.
(1) The following words have aff- because they are from
Latin words in which ad was prefixed to a word beginning with f .
affable
affidavit
affix
affect
affiliate
afflict
affection
affirm
affront
(2) The following words have ann- because they are from
Latin words in which ad was prefixed to a word beginning
with n.
98
annex announce
annihilate annul
annotate
EXERCISE
Pind how many words in your English dictionary begin with acc-.
(Nearly all these are derived from the combination of ad and a word
beginning with c.)
LESSON XXXVI
PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
235. The past passive participle of porto is portatus, -a,
-um, translated either by the compound participle having
been carried, or simply by the past participle carried. The
participle of moneo is monitus, -a, -um, meaning having been
warned, or simply warned. Thus, Puer a patre monitus ad
scholam properabat, may be translated The boy, having been
warned by his father, was hastening to school, or The boy, warned
by his father, was hastening to school.
The past passive participle is declined throughout like bonus.
A participle agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun
or pronoun to which it belongs.
PARTICIPLES
(25) There are certain verb forms which not only denote action, but
also serve to tell something about a person or thing very much as an
adjective does. Thus, in the sentence, The boy, frightened by the noise,
called for help, the word frightened is a f orm of the verb frighten, but it
serves to tell something about the situation or condition of the boy. It is
called a participle, and it shares something of the character of a verb and
of an adjective. It has the character of a verb in that it denotes action
and it has the character of an adjective in that it tells something about a
noun or pronoun.
99
a. The past participle of juvo is jutus, -a, -um, of
do is datus, -a, -um (differing from portatus in that
the a is short). All other verbs of the first conjuga-
tion which have been given thus far form their past par-
ticiples like porto i 1 for example, laudatus, amatus, etc.
READING EXERCISE: HOSTES URBEM OPPUGNARE
PARANT
236. 1. Vigiles ex moenibus urbis prospectant et agmen
hostium procul vident. Hostes appropinquant et urbem
oppugnare parant. Sed portae et moenia urbis sunt valida,
et ante moenia est vallum. Mllites a duce monitl nunc ad
moenia properant. Clves auxilium a socils quoque expectant.
2. Ad urbem aporopinquamus et eam oppugnare paramus.
Mllites nostri sunt defessl, quod iter hodie longum fuit. Sed
statim oppugnabimus, quod clves urbis auxilium a socils
expectant.
3. Auxihum a clvibus expectatum non adest. Clves et
mllites in urbe fortiter pugnant, sed mox erit flnis proelii.
Urbs expugnata delebitur. Multl clves erunt servl.
237. VOCABULARY
agmen, agminis, n., column, porta, -ae, f., gate
line procul, adv., at a distance
finis, finis, m., end, limit; prospecto, -are, look forth,
plural, country, territory look
iter, itineris, n., road, journey, vallum, -I, n., rampart, wall
march vigil, vigilis, m., sentinel
moenia, -ium, n., pl., walls (o/
a city)
a. The declension of iter is given in full on page 243.
Its cases are formed in accordance with the same prin-
ciples as the nouns given on page 85.
1 The verb sto has no past participle.
100
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
238. Translate into Latin: 1. The soldier, having been
warned, hastened to the camp. 2. The enemy, having been
defeated, will be slaves. 3. The boys, having been praised,
will work well. 4. My brother, having been invited, remained
in town. 5. The girl, having often been warned, fears
danger.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
239. 1. Where is finis sometimes found in English books?
2. What is an itineraryf 3. What is the meaning of the word
portalf
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Write the complete declension of portatus and monitus. 2. Give
the form of amatus which will agree with patria as subject; with the
word for “woman” as object. 3. Decline vigil.
LESSON XXXVII
PRINCIPAL PARTS: STEMS OF VERBS
THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB
240. There are certain forms of a verb which show us im-
portant facts regarding the conjugation of the verb in the
different tenses. These are called principal parts.
The principal parts of a Latin verb are the present indicative
active (first person singular), the present infinitive active, the
perfect indicative active (first person singular), and the past
passive participle. Any form of a verb may be made when
these are known.
The principal parts of porto and moneo are as f ollows :
porto, portare, portavi, portatum
moneo, monere, monui, monitum
FIRST LATIN. ‘LESSQNS 101
a. The neuter form of the past participle is given in
the principal parts for the reason that the past parti-
ciples of some verbs have no masculine or feminine forms.
But for most verbs, the participle is declined in all three
genders. Thus, amatus, -a, -um, territus, -a, -um, etc.
THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF FIRST CONJUGATION VERBS
241. All first conjugation verbs given thus far, except juvo,
do, and sto, form their principal parts like porto. The princi-
pal parts of these three are as f ollows :
do, dare, dedl, datum
juvo, juvare, juvi, jutum
sto, stare, steti
a. The fourth principal part of std will be explained
later; do is irregular in having the a short in the infinitive
and past participle.
THE STEMS OF THE VERB
242. If from the present infinitive laudare we drop -re we
have left what is known as the present stem. The stem of a
verb is the body of the verb to which tense signs and endings
are added.
A verb regularly has three stems : the present, the perf ect, and
the participial. The present stem is found by dropping -re
from the present active infinitive, and the perfect stem by
dropping -I from the first person singular of the perfect indica-
tive active. The participial stem is found by dropping -um
from the past participle: portatum, stem portat-; monitum,
stem monit-.
IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPAL PARTS AND STEMS
243. In order to find the stems of a verb, it is necessary to
know its principal parts. These facts which have been stated
regarding the formation and use of stems are true of all verbs
102 Fi£ST LATIN LESSONS
in the Latin language. It is therefore very important that
they be remembered.
USE OF THE STEMS
244. The present, the imperfect, and the future indicative,
active and passive, are formed on the present stem.
The perfect stem is used only in the active voice. The
perfect active indicative, which has already been given, and
the past perfect and future perfect indicative, which will be
given later, are formed on this stem.
Only a few forms are made on the participial stem.
THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF SECOND CONJUGATION VERBS
245. The principal parts of the second conjugation verbs
which have been given thus far are as follows:
moneo, monere, monui, monitum
debeo, debere, debul, debitum
habeo, habere, habul, habitum
pareo, parere, parul
timeo, timere, timul
sileo, silere, silul
maneo, manere, mansl, mansum
jubeo, jubere, jussl, jussum
moveo, movere, movl, motum
sedeo, sedere, sedl, sessum
video, videre, vldl, vlsum
respondeo, respondere, respondl, responsum
deleo, delere, delevT, deletum
audeo, audere
a. Some verbs do not have a past passive participle.
This is true of the verbs which have only three principal
parts in the list above. The perfect of audeo is omitted
at this time because it is not formed like that of the
other verbs above.
103
LESSON XXXVIII
PERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE AND THE PAST INFINITIVE
THE PERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF PORTO AND MONEO
246. The perfect indicative passive, unlike the other tenses
which have been given, is not formed by adding personal
endings to a stem. Instead, the past passive participle is
used with the present tense of the verb sum. Two separate
words are used to represent each person and number. The
perfect indicative passive of porto and moneo is as follows:
Singular
portatus sum, I was carried or I have been carried
portatus es, you were carried or you have been carried
portatus est, he was carried or he has been carried
Plural
portati sumus, we were carried or we have been carried
portati estis, you were carried or you have been carried
portati sunt, they were carried or they have been carried
Singular
monitus sum, I was warned or / have been warned
monitus es, you were warned or you have been warned
monitus est, he was warned or he has been warned
Plural
monitl sumus, we were warned or we have been warned
monitl estis, you were warned or you have been warned
moniti sunt, they were warned or they have been warned
a. The forms of this tense are translated more fre-
quently by the English past tense, / was carried, etc,
than by the present perfect.
104
b. The participle used in forming this tense agrees
with the subject in gender and number.
PAST INFINITIVES
247. There is a past infinitive in Latin, as in English. Its
forms and meanings in both voices are as follows:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
I. portavisse, to have carried portatus esse, to have been carried
II. monuisse, to have warned monitus esse, to have been warned
a. The past active infinitive is formed by adding -isse
to the perfect stem. The past passive infinitive con-
sists of the past passive participle and the present infini-
tive of sum.
The past infinitive of sum is fuisse, to have been.
READING EXERCISE
248. 1. Agrl nostrl ab hostibus vastatl sunt, et multa op-
pida occupata sunt. Auxilium a clvibus nostrls populo Ro-
mano in bello olim datum est, et populus Romanus nunc nos
juvare debet. Auxilium vestrum postulamus.
2. Urbs nostra erit in (on) illo parvo monte. Locus idoneus
est quod flumen non longe abest, et ex eo flumine aquam ha-
bebimus. Urbs Roma appellabitur. Circum urbem erit
murus. Rlpa ulterior fluminis nunc est in terra Etruscorum,
sed illa terra mox erit Romana. Etrtiscos superabimus. No-
men urbis nostrae multls gentibus notum erit.
249. VOCABULARY
appello, -are, -avi, -atum, call, idoneus, -a, -um, suitable
name mons, montis, -ium, m., moun-
aqua, -ae, f., water tain
circum, prep. with acc, around nomen, nominis, n., name
Etrusci, -orum, m., pl., the Roma, -ae, f., Rome
Etruscans ulterior, farther
105
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
250. Translate into Latin: 1. Our soldiers have often been
praised. 2. The cities of our allies have been seized by the
enemy (plural). 3. Your son has not been seen. 4. But I
have seen your daughter in the street. 5. The money has not
been given to this man.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
251. 1. What is an appellationf 2. What is an aqueductf
3. Find two compounds of circum. 4. What is the meaning
of nomenclaturef 5. What is an ulterior motive?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following: he has warned, he has been warned;
they have ordered, they have been ordered; we have praised, we have been
praised. 2. Rewrite the first sentence of 1, section 248, changing the
verb to the active voice, and making such other changes as are necessary.
THE CAPITOLINE HILL (rESTORATION)
106
LESSON XXXIX
THIRD CONJUGATION -O VERBS, PRESENT INDICATIVE
252. Verbs of the third conjugation have the ending -ere
in the present active infinitive. This ending must be distin-
guished from that of the second conjugation, which is -ere
(long e). There are two classes of verbs of the third conjuga-
tion, one class with the ending -6 and the other class with the
ending -io in the first person singular of the present active
indicative.
Those of the first class are conjugated as follows in the pres-
ent indicative:
duco, I lead
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Singular
diico, / lead dticor, I am led
ducis, you lead diiceris, you are led
dticit, he leads ducitur, he is led
Plural
ducimus, we lead ducimur, we are led
ducitis, you lead dticiminl, you are led
ducunt, they lead dticuntur, they are led
253. One or more forms of the following third conjugation
verbs of the same class as duco have appeared in the preceding
lessons :
disco, -ere, didici, — , learn
edo, -ere, edi, esum, eat
lego, -ere, legl, lectum, read
scrlbo, -ere, scrlpsl, scrlptum, write
107
READING EXERCISE: BONUS DUX
254. Illa legio vincit, quod ducem bonum habet. Is bene
diicit, et mllites hostes non timent. Sed pars copiarum
nostrarum habet alium ducem, et hi mllites in periculo sunt.
Hostes castra oppugnabunt et occupabunt. Ille dux nunc
nuntium mittit, et hic ntintius auxilium postulabit. Auxilium
mittere paramus. Sine bono duce milites in perlculo sunt.
Bonus dux semper paratus est, et hostes eum timent. Castra
in loco inlquo non ponit, neque mllites ejus sine armls sunt.
255. VOCABULARY
alius, alia, aliud, another nuntius, -I, m., messenger
duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, lead pars, partis, -ium, f., part
iniquus, -a, -um, unfavorable, pono, -ere, posui, positum,
unjust place, pitch
legio, -onis, f., legion vinco, -ere, vici, victum, con-
mitto, -ere, misi, missum, send quer, defeat
a. The genitive and dative singular of alius are not
formed like those of regular adjectives of the first and
second declensions. They are not used in the exercises
of this book.
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
256. 1. Castra nostra in rlpa fluminis poni — (subject “we”).
2. Clves cibum ad mllites mitt — . 3. Cibus a clvibus ad ml-
lites mitti — . 4. Quis illam legionem duci — ? 5. Legio nos-
tra ducem bonum habe — (has) .
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
257. 1. Find from a dictionary the meaning of alias 1 as an
English word. 2. Give two English words from the present
1 The form alias is reaily a Latin adverb which is derived from the adjective alius.
108
stem of duco and two from the participial stem. 3. What is
the literal meaning of particlef 4. What is the difference
in meaning between the verbs convince and convict, both of
which are derived from vinco?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate pono, jubeo, and postulo in the present indicative, active
and passive. 2. Give the third person plural, active and passive, of
vinco, habeo, and expecto. 3. Conjugate vinco in the perfect indicative,
active and passive.
LESSON XL
THIRD CONJUGATION -10 VERBS, PRESENT INDICATIVE
258. The present indicative of -io verbs of the third con-
jugation is as follows:
capio, I toke
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Singular Singular
capio, I take capior, I am taken
capis, you take caperis, you are taken
capit, he takes capitur, he is taken
Plural Plural
capimus, we take capimur, we are taken
capitis, you take capiminl, you are taken
capiunt, they take capiuntur, they are taken
a. The only forms in which the verbs of this class differ
from those of the first class in the present tense are the
first person singular and the third person plural.
109
READING EXERCISE: CENTURIO CUM DUCE
BARBARORUM PUGNAT
259. Centurio Romanus gladium et scutum capit et pro
castrls procedit. Dux barbarorum quoque procedit. Hi duo
pugnant, et centurio ducem barbarorum interficit. Tum
mllites Romani centurionem excipiunt cum magnls clamoribus,
et imperator ei praemium dat.
Gladium et scutum capio et pro castrls procedo. Cum duce
barbarorum pugno, et eum interficio. Tum mllites et impe-
rator me laudant et mihi praemium datur. Comites mei laetl
sunt quod ita laudor. Pater meus quoque laetus erit quod
bonus mlles et bonus centurio sum.
260. VOCABULARY
capio, -ere, cepi, captum, take, imperator, -oris, m., general
capture interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fec-
centurio, -onis, m., centurion tum, kill
clamor, -oris, m., shout procedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-
comes, comitis, m., companion sum, proceed, advance
duo, duae, duo, two
excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep-
tum, receive
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
261. 1. Mllites gladios et sctita capi — . 2. Romanl mul-
tos barbaros in proelio interfici — . 3. Ducem nostrum cum
magnls clamoribus excipi — (subject “we”). 4. Centurio a
mllitibus cum magnls clamoribus excipi — . 5. Auxilium a
Romanis non mitti — .
ENGLISH DERIVATTVES FROM LATIN
262. 1. What is a clamorous throng? Find from a diction-
ary the derivation of the word count (a title of nobility).
3. What is a dual empire? 4. Find from a dictionary the
derivation of emperor.
110
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate interficio and mitto in the present indicative, active
and passive. 2. Give the Latin for the following: they make, they see,
they place, they send; we receive, we conquer, we order, we demand.
LESSON XLI
ABLATIVE OF MEANS
THE ABLATIVE WITHOUT A PREPOSITION
263. In the preceding lessons the ablative has been used
as the object of certain Latin prepositions. Sometimes, how-
ever, the ablative is used without a preposition. In the sen-
tence Puer saxo vulneratus est, the boy was wounded by the
stone, the phrase by the stone is translated by the ablative
saxo, without any preposition. In like manner in the sentence
Galli gladiis pugnant, the Gauls fight with swords, the ablative
gladiis is used without a preposition.
THE THTNG BY WHICH, AND THE PERSON BY WHOM
OR WITH WHOM
264. The phrases by the stone and with swords in the sentences
above denote the means by which or with which an act is done.
In the sentences The boy was helped by the man and He walks
with a friend the phrases by the man and with a friend are quite
different from the preceding phrases. In the first of these
sentences by the man denotes the person by whom the act was
done, and will be translated a viro ; in the second with a friend
denotes the person in company with whom an act is done and
will be translated cum amico.
MEANS, AGENT, AND ACCOMPANIMENT
265. A word used to express the means with which an act
is done, as saxd and gladiis above, is said to be in the ablaHve
111
of means. A word denoting the person by whom an act is
done is said to be in the ablative of agent, and a word denoting
the person with whom one is associated in doing an act is said
to be in the ablative of accompaniment. The ablative of means
has no preposition, the ablative of agent always has a or ab,
and the ablative of accompaniment commonly has cum. In
the preceding paragraph viro is an ablative of agent and amico
an ablative of accompaniment.
READING EXERCISE
266. 1. Gladio me defendo et scuto me tego. Jaculum
quoque habeo. Jaculum in (at) hostes jacio cum hi non longe
absunt. Hostes interdum jaculis graviter vulnerantur aut
interficiuntur. In capite meo est galea. Hostes quoque
gladios et scuta et galeas habent. Gladii eorum sunt longl,
sed gladius meus non longus est. Barbarl saepe longls hastis
pugnant. Romani hastas non habent.
2. Barbarl nunc agros Etriiscorum vastant et Etriiscos e
patria expellere cupiunt. Etrtiscl pro patria pugnant. Terra
Etruscorum a Roma non longe abest, sed Etruscl sunt hostes
Romanorum, et saepe cum els bellum gerunt.
267. VOCABULARY
cupio, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, wish graviter, adv., seriously, heav-
defendo, -fendere, -fendi, ily
-fensum, defend hasta, -ae, f., spear
expello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- jacio, -ere, jeci, jactum, throw
sum, drive out longus, -a, -um, long
gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, bear, tego, -ere, texi, tectum, cover,
carry, carry on, wage protect
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
268. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. The
soldier wounds the barbarian with a sword. 2. The leader of
the soldiers was killed by a javelin. 3. The Gauls and Ger-
112
mans fought with spears. 4. The centurion protects his
friend with a shield. 5. The soldier’s head is protected by a
helmet.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
269. 1. What is an indefensible attitude? 2. What con-
nection in meaning can you see between reject and jacio?
3. What is longevity? 4. What is the meaning of cupidityf
What connection can you see between the meaning of this
word and cupio?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. What is the difference in the form of translation for the phrases with
by in the sentences He was wounded by a javelin and H e was wounded by
the enemy? 2. Write two English sentences containing phrases with by
which would require a preposition if translated into Latin. 3. Write two
English sentences containing phrases with by or with which would be
translated into Latin without a preposition.
THE APPIAN WAY IN THE TIME OF AUGUSTUS
113
LESSON XLII
FOURTH CONJUGATION
PRESENT INDICATIVE OF AUDIO
270.- The present active infinitive of the fourth conjugation
tnds in -Ire: audid, / hear, audire, to hear. The present
indicati ve is as f ollows :
audio, I hear
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Singular
audio, I hear audior, I am heard
audls, you hear audlris, you are heard
audit, he hears audltur, he is heard
Plural
audimus, we hear audlmur, we are heard
audltis, you hear audiminl, you are heard
audiunt, they hear audiuntur, they are heard
a. In the present indicative of the fourth conjugation,
as seen above, the characteristic vowel (I) is long, except
in the first person singular, active and passive, the third
person singular, active, and the third person plural,
active and passive. The third conjugation has the cor-
responding vowel short.
THE PERFECT SYSTEM OF THE THTRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS
271. In the perfect, active and passive, verbs of the third
and fourth conjugations are conjugated in the same manner
as verbs of the first and second conjugations. The perfect
and the participial stems are found from the principal parts,
as has already been explained (p. 101), and the tense signs
and personal endings are used with the perfect stems in exactly
the same manner as with the perfect stems of porto and moneo :
114
duxi, duxisti, etc. ; ductus sum, ductus es, etc. ; audivi, audivistl,
etc; audltus sum, auditus es, etc.
READING EXERCISE
272. 1. Sonum multorum pedum audio. Hostes appro-
pinquant. Sctita et galeas eorum per tenebras video. Castra
nostra expugnare cupiunt, sed arma parata habemus. Non
solum pro patria sed etiam pro vlta pugnabimus, et non
facile superabimur. Dux noster cum multls mllitibus mox
aderit, et hl nos juvabunt. Alil mllites nunc castra a tergo
muniunt, et ea pars mox tuta erit.
2. Sonus multorum pedum audltur. Sed castra muniuntur,
et mllites Romanl paratl sunt. Mllites sciunt numerum
hostium esse magnum.
3. Hostes sonum pedum nostrorum audiunt. Sciita et
galeas nostras per tenebras vident. Castra eorum expugnare
cupimus, sed arma parata habent, et alil mllites cum duce
bono veniunt.
273. VOCABULARY
audio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, hear scio, scire, sclvl, scltum, know
munio, -Ire, -Ivl, -Itum, fortify sonus, -I, m., sound
non solum . . sed etiam, not tenebrae, -arum, f., pl, dark-
only . . but also ness
pes, pedis, m., foot venio, -Ire, venl, ventum, come
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
274. Translate into Latin: 1. We fortify the camp, and
we prepare arms. 2. Loud (great) shouts are heard in the
forest. 3. The sound of battle is heard in the streets. 4. Your
brother comes alone from the house. 5. We come from a city
of your allies.
115
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
275. 1. What is an auditoriumf 2. Give an adjective
which is derived from audio. 3. What are ?nunitionsf 4.
What is a pedestalf Give another word from pes. 5. What
is the original meaning of sciencef 6. What is a sonorous
voice?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate munio and cupio in the present indicative, active and
passive. 2. Give the Latin for the following: he comes, he has come;
he is heard, he is taken; to come, to take; we come, we have come, we take.
THEATER OP POMPEII
116
LESSON XLIII
IMPERFECT OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS
276. The tense sign of the imperfect indicative in the third
and fourth conjugations is -ba-, as in the first and second con-
jugations. The imperfect indicative of duco is formed exactly
like the same tense of moneo. Verbs of the fourth conjugation
have -ie- before the tense sign.
ducebam, I was leading
diicebar, I was being led
audiebam, I was hearing
audiebar, I was being heard
ACTIVE
PASSIVE ACTIVE
Singular
PASSIVE
ducebam
ducebar audiebam
audiebar
dticebas
dticebaris audiebas
audiebaris
ducebat
ducebatur audiebat
audiebatur
Plural
ducebamus
diicebamur audiebamus
audiebamur
ducebatis
diicebamini audiebatis
audiebaminl
ducebant
ducebantur audiebant
audiebantur
a. The imperfect of capio and other -id verbs of the
third conjugation is exactly like the imperfect of the
fourth conjugation: capiebam, capiebas, etc.
READING EXERCISE
277. 1. In ripa fltiminis jacebam et aquam spectabam.
Flumen celeriter fluebat. Parvus frater meus non longe a
ripa in gramine dormiebat. \Mater mea et sorores sub arbore
cenam parabant.
2. In ripa fluminis jaceo et aquam specto. Flumen celeriter
fluit. Parvus frater meus non longe a ripa in gramine dormit.
Mater mea et sorores sub arbore parant cenam. Cena mox
117
parata erit, et mater mea me vocabit. Tum fratrem ex somno
excitabo, et ad cenam properabimus.
3. Frater meus in rlpa fluminis jacebat et aquam spectabat.
Aqua celeriter fluebat. Non longe a ripa in gramine dormie-
bam. Cena a matre nostra et sororibus nostrls sub arbore
parabatur.
278. VOCABULARY
arbor, arboris, f., tree jaceo, -ere, -ui, lie
celeriter, adv., swiftly somnus, -I, m., sleep
dormio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, sleep sub, prep. with acc. or abl.,
fluo, -ere, fluxi, flow under
gramen, graminis, n., grass
a. When used in expressions which denote motion
sub takes the accusative ; when used in expressions which
denote rest or existence it takes the ablative.
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
279. 1. In ripa fluminis puer dormieba — . 2. Soni ex
silva audieba — . 3. Romanl castra sua muro munieba — .
4. Patriam nostram armls def endeba — (subject”we”). 5. Cen-
turio legionem in proelio duceba — . 6. Etrusci cum Romanls
bellum gereba — .
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
280. 1. What is meant by arboreal animals? 2. What is
a dormant condition? 3. Give a noun which is derived from
dormio. 4. What is the relation in meaning between fluid
and fluo? 5. What is the literal meaning of subscribef
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate specto, jaceo, fluo, and venio in the imperfect indica-
tive, active voice. 2. Conjugate voco, jubed, cupio, and miinio in the
imperfect indicative, passive voice. 3. Decline arbor and gramen.
118
LESSON XLIV
THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
USE OF THE REFLEXIVE
281. In the sentence He defends himself the object, himself,
denotes the same person as the subject of the sentence.
A pronoun which is thus used is called a reflexive pronoun. A
reflexive pronoun is used in the genitive, dative, accusative, or
ablative case to denote the same person as the subject of the
sentence in which it stands.
REFLEXIVES OF THE THIRD PERSON
282. The reflexive pronoun meaning himself, herself, itself,
or themselves is as follows:
Singulaj
Plural
Gen.
SUl
sui
Dat.
sibi
sibi
Acc.
se or sese
se or sese
Abl.
se or sese
se or sese
a. The reflexives for myself, yourself (yourselves) , our-
selves, are the same as the words meaning me, you, us, in
the different cases given above. Me non laudo, I do not
praise myself; Te non laudas, you do not praise yourself. It
is possible to tell from the general sense of the sentence
whether one of these forms is to be translated as a re-
flexive or as a personal pronoun (me, you, etc.)
READING EXERCISE
283. 1. Mllites Romanl fortiter se defendunt, sed hostes
eos premunt. Nisi auxilium dabitur, mox hostes eos supera-
bunt. Mllites putant se in magno perlculo esse. Sed consul
perlculum videt, et duas alias legiones mittit. Consul dux
bonus est, neque officium suum umquam neglegit.
119
2. Mllites Romanl fortiter se defendebant, sed hostes eos
premebant. Consul dux bonus erat, neque officium neglegebat.
Milites perlculum videbant, sed putabant se tiitos esse quod
duae aliae legiones veniebant.
3. Numerus noster non est magnus, sed fortiter nos defen-
dimus. Putamus nos tiitos esse, quod ducem bonum habemus.
284. VOCABULARY
consul, consulis, m., consul premo, -ere, pressi, pressum,
neglego, -ere, neglexi, neglec- press, press hard
tum, neglect puto, -are, -avi, -atum, think
nisi, conj., unless sui, of himself, herself, itself,
numerus, -I, m., number themselves
officium, -I, n., duty umquam, adv., ever
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
285. Translate into Latin: 1. Our allies were defending
themselves, but they were demanding our aid. 2. My friend
thinks himself to be in danger. 3. The leader of the enemy
kills himself. 4. The boy wounds himself with a sword. 5.
The boy defends himself bravely, but he is in great danger.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
286. 1. What is a consul, as a modern government official?
What was the nature of the duties of a Roman consul? 2. Give
an adjective derived from the past participle of neglego.
3. What is a numeralf 4. What is the meaning of the phrase
ex officio. 1
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Write three English sentences, illustrating the use of the reflexive
in the first, second, and third persons (one in each sentence). 2. Con-
jugate premo in the perfect indicative, active and passive. 3. Decline
together the words for this duty.
1 This phrase when used in English is pronounced ex offishio.
120
287.
FIFTH REVIEW LESSON
VOCABULARY REVIEW, LESSONS XXXVI-XLIV
agmen, agminis
tenebrae, -arum
jaceo, -ere
aqua, -ae
vallum, -I
jacio, -ere
arbor, arboris
vigil, vigilis
mitto, -ere
centurio, -onis
munio, -Ire
clamor, clamoris
alius, -a, -ud
neglego, -ere
comes, comitis
idoneus, -a, -um
pono, -ere
consul, consulis
iniquus, -a, -um
premo, -ere
finis, flnis
longus, -a, -um
procedo, -ere
gramen, graminis
ulterior
prospecto, -are
hasta, -ae
duo
puto, -are
imperator, -oris
sul
scio, -Ire
iter, itineris
tego, -ere
legio, -onis
appello, -are
venio, -Ire
moenia, -ium
audio, -Ire
vinco, -ere
mons, montis
capio, -ere
nomen, nominis
cupio, -ere
celeriter
numerus, -I
defendo, -ere
graviter
niintius, -I
dormio, -Ire
procul
officium, -1
duco, -ere
umquam
pars, partis
excipio, -ere
pes, pedis
expello, -ere
nisi
porta, -ae
fluo, -ere
somnus, -I
gero, -ere
circum
sonus, -I
interficio, -ere
sub
WORD STUDY— ADDITIONAL PREFIXES
288. The prepositions ab (from), ad (to, toward), circum
(around), trans (across), and some others have about the same
meaning when used as prefixes as when used independently.
Thus, transporto means carry across or convey across. Some
prefixes, however, take on slightly different meanings from
those which they commonly have as separate words.
121
THE PREFIX COM-
289. The preposition cum (with) appears as a prefix in the
form com- (by assimilation con-, col-, cor-, co-). Its most
frequent meaning as a prefix is together. Thus convenio
means come together. Sometimes the force of the prefix almost
entirely disappears, leaving the word which it was used to
form with almost the same meaning as the original word to
which it was added. The word comparo, prepare, differs very
little in meaning from the simple verb paro, to which com- was
added. Occasionally the meaning of the original word is
emphasized by the prefix. The English word corrupt is from
a Latin word in which com- (becoming cor-) thus serves to
emphasize the meaning of the original word.
THE PREPOSITION IN AS A PREFIX
290. The preposition in (in, on) (sometimes becoming by
assimilation il-, im-, ir-) appears in many words. Examples
of its use are induco, impono. The English words illuminate,
illusion, illustrate, illustrious have ill- at the beginning because
the prefix in was joined to a word beginning with l, and 11
resulted from the assimilation of n before l.
THE INSEPARABLE PREFIX IN-
291. There is also an inseparable prefix in-, meaning not,
which is an entirely different word from the preposition given
above. It is found in many adjectives, such as immortalis
(not mortal), impotens (not powerful), inimicus (not friendly).
Its use in English words is illustrated by incomplete, illegal,
impossible, irregular. This prefix is used in some English
words which have not come directly from Latin.
EXERCISE
Look up the words beginning with in on one or two pages of your English
dictionary, and decide which are formed with the preposition in and which
with the inseparable prefix in-.
122
LESSON XLV
THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS (Continued)
THE FUTURE INDICATIVE OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS
292. Verbs of the third and fourth conjugation are con-
jugated as follows in the future:
ACTIVE
Singular
diicam, I shall lead
diices, you will lead
diicet, he will lead
Plural
ducemus, we shall lead
ducetis, you will lead
ducent, they will lead
PASSIVE
Singular
diicar, I shall be led
diiceris, you will be led
ducetur, he willbe led
Plural
ducemur, we shall be led
ducemini, you will be led
diicentur, they will be led
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
capiam
capiemus
capiar
capiemur
capies
capietis
capieris
capiemini
capiet
capient
capietur
capientur
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
audiam
audiemus
audiar
audiemur
audies
audietis
audieris
audiemini
audiet
audient
audietur
audientur
TENSE SIGN OF THE FUTURE
293. We have seen that in the first and second conjugations
the tense sign of the future is -bi-. In the third and fourth
conjugations the future tense sign is -e-, which is replaced by
-a- in the first person singular. The e becomes short before
the personal endings -t, -nt, and -ntur.
123
PRESENT INFINITIVES OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS
294.
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
I.
portare, to carry
portarl, to be carried
II.
monere, to warn
moneri, to be warned
III.
ducere, to lead
ducl, to be led
capere, to take
capl, to be taken
IV.
audire, to hear
audlrl, to be heard
a. In the first, second, and fourth conjugations the
final e of the active endings (-are, -ere, -Ire) is replaced
by l in the passive, while in the third conjugation, the
entire ending (-ere) is replaced by -I.
READING EXERCISE: LOCUS CASTRORUM
295. Castra nostra non longe ab illo monte ponemus.
Castra vallo muniemus, quod hostes non longe absunt. Castella
erunt, et vigiles ex castellls spectabunt. Arma parata habe-
bimus, et si hostes ad castra venient, eos repellemus. Rex
hostium copias suas ducit, et magnum numerum sociorum
habet. Hi socii sunt barbarl. Exploratores nostrl in silva
latent et iter hostium spectant. Inter castra nostra et hostes
est flumen altum, et hostes nullas naves habent. Sed non
longe ab hoc loco est pons sublicius in flumine. Mllites nostrl
hunc pontem fecerunt, sed postea ex eo loco repulsl sunt, et
hostes nunc ad rlpam nostram appropinquant.
296. VOCABULARY
castellum, -I, n., fort, redoubt pons, pontis, -ium, m., bridge
explorator, -oris, m., scout postea, adv., afterwards
facio, -ere, feci, factum, make, repello, -ere, reppuli, repul-
do sum, drive back, repel
lateo, -ere, -ui, lurk, be con- sublicius, -a, -um, resting on
cealed piles; pons sublicius, a pile
navis, navis, -ium, f., ship, boat bridge
124
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
297. 1. Exploratores copias nostras per silvam duc —
(will lead). 2. Multi milites in proelio interfici — (will be
killed). 3. Sonum proelii ex hoc loco audi — (we shall hear).
4. Ntintius ad oppidum statim mitte — . 5. Legio castra
fortiter defend — (will defend), et hostes repell — (will be
driven back). 6. Consul perlculum vide — (will see), sed
officium suum non negleg — (will not neglect).
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
298. 1. What is a castlef What do you suppose was
originally the chief characteristic of such a building? 2. What
is latent heat? 3. Give an adjective and a verb which are
derived from navis. 4. What is the difference between the
meaning of repellent and repulsivef
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the third person singular, active voice, of the verbs habeo,
facio, and audio in the present, imperfect, and future. 2. Give the
third person plural, passive voice, of the verbs laudo, duco, cupio, and
munio, in the present, imperfect, and future. 3. Give the present
passive infinitives, with their meanings, of laudo, moveo, mitto, munio.
ROMAN HELMETS
125
LESSON XLVI
RELATIVE PRONOUN
FORMS OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
299. The forms of the Latin relative pronoun, meaning
who, which, that, or what are as follows:
Singular
Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. qui quae quod
Gen. cujus cujus cujus
Dat. cui cui cui
Acc. quem quam quod
Abl. quo qua quo
Masc.
Plural
Fem. Neut.
qui quae quae
quorum quarum quorum
quibus quibus quibus
quos quas quae
quibus quibus quibus
a. The genitives cujus, quorum, quarum are trans-
lated whose, of whom, or of which, as the sense requires.
USE OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
300. The relative pronoun is used to connect a subordi-
nate clause to some noun or pronoun in the main clause, while
the interrogative pronoun, also translated by who, which, or
what, introduces a question. In the sentence The man who
lives in that house is my uncle, the clause who lives in that house
is connected with man by who; in this sentence, therefore,
who is a relative pronoun.
AGREEMENT OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN
301. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in
gender, number, and person, but its case depends on its use
in its own clause.
Homo quem vides amicus meus est, the man whom you
see is my frienol.
126
READING EXERCISE: URBS ROMA
302. Roma est magna urbs Italiae. Fliimen Tiberis urbem
in duas partes dlvidit. Antlquitus urbs tota erat in fina
rlpa fltiminis, et trans flumen erant agri et tecta agricolarum.
Sed nunc aedificia in utrisque partibus videmus. Intra
mfiros sunt septem colles. Olim Roma erat parvum oppidum,
et tinum collem habebat. Is collis, in quo piima urbs erat,
nomen Palatium habet. In Palatio erant tecta in quibus
reges et multl virl claii habitabant.
Magna urbs quam vides est Roma. El qul in ea urbe
habitant sunt Romanl. Fliimen quod urbem in duas partes
dlvidit est Tiberis. Collis in quo reges et virl clarl tecta
habebant est Palatium. Homines quorum agrl et casae antl-
quitus trans fliimen erant interdum cum Romanls bellum
gerebant. Ille rex cujus mllites priml Romam ceperunt erat
barbarus. Sed postea barbarl superatl sunt a Romanls.
303. VOCABULARY
antiquitus, adv., long ago, in qui, quae, quod, who, which,
former times that
divido, -ere, divisl, divisum, septem, seven
divide Tiberis, Tiberis, m., the Tiber
intra, prep. with acc, within (river)
Palatium, -I, n., the Palatine unus, -a, -um, one
Hill uterque, utraque, utrumque,
primus, -a, -um, first each (o/ twc)
a. The genitive and dative of unus and uterque are
not formed in accordance with the regular declension
of adjectives. They do not appear in the exercises of
this book.
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
304. Give the form of the Latin relative pronoun for the
italicized words in the following exercise, then translate
127
the sentences into Latin: 1. That city which you see is
Rome. 2. The river which divides it into two parts is the
Tiber. 3. The town to which Romulus gave a name was
small. 4. The man whose house you see is my brother.
5. The messengers whom the general sent have been captured.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
305. 1. What is meant by antiquityf 2. Give three
English derivatives from the participial stem of divido.
3. What are intra-mural athletics? 4. Find from a dictionary
the derivation of palace. 5. What is the meaning of quorum
as an English word?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following phrases, putting the nouns in the
nominative: the boy who, the boy whom, the girl who, the girl whom, the
gift which; the soldiers whom, the soldiers of whom, the cities of which; the
town in which, the towns in which, the towns which.
LESSON XLVII
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES OF TWO ENDINGS
306. We have previously seen that many adjectives are
declined like nouns of the first and second declensions. There
is also a large group of adjectives which are declined like
nouns of the third declension. It is, of course, to be under-
stood that an adjective is not necessarily of the same declen-
sion as the noun which it modifies.
There are three classes of third declension adjectives. Those
with two endings in the nominative singular are declined as
f ollows :
128
Singular
Plural
Masc. and Fem.
Neut.
Masc. and Fem.
Neut.
Nom.
omnis
omne
omnes
omnia
Gen.
omnis
omnis
omnium
omnium
Dat.
omni
omni
omnibus
omnibus
Acc.
omnem
omne
omnls, -es
omnia
Abl.
omni
omnl
omnibus
omnibus
a. In the masculine and feminine these adjectives
are declined like collis, except that the ablative singular
ends in -I. The neuter is declined like Insigne.