PREPOSITIONS AS PREFIXES
180. Latin prepositions are sometimes joined to the begin-
ning of other words in order to form new words. Thus ab
and ad are combined with sum to form absum and adsum,
74 FIRST LATIN.LESSONS
and circum (around) is joined to specto to form circumspecto.
A word or syllable attached to the beginning of a word to
modify its meaning and thus f orm a new word is called a prefix.
CHANGES IN MEANING WITH PREFIXES
181. Usually we can understand the meaning of a new
word formed with a prefix when we know the meaning of the
prefix and of the original word to which it is attached. Thus
circum, around, and specto, look, form circumspecto, look
around. But sometimes the meaning of the new word has
changed from that indicated by the parts or elements of which
it is made up. Thus expecto (originally exspecto) cannot be
defined exactly by taking the meanings of ex and specto,
although it keeps something of the idea of look (look for) .
INSEPARABLE PREFIXES
182. In addition to the prepositions employed as prefixes
there are some syllables which are used as prefixes and which
are never found as separate words. A very important prefix
of this sort is re- (sometimes spelled red-), which regularly
means back or again. From re- and voco we have revoco,
call back.
A prefix which is never used as an independent word is
called an inseparable prefix. Thus re- (red-) is an inseparable
prefix.
CHANGES IN SPELLING
183. When a prefix is joined to a word, a vowel in the
original word is sometimes changed. From ex and capio we
have excipio, from inter and facio we have interficio. Changes
of this kind take place only with short vowels. Such English
words as efficient, recipient, confess, have come from Latin
words in which such changes as those above mentioned have
taken place.
EXERCISE
Find twenty words in your English dictionary beginning with ex (not
extra).
75
LESSON XXVIII
FUTURE TENSE OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJUGATIONS
184. The future tense of porto and moneo is as follows:
Singular
portabo, I shall carry
portabis, you will carry
portabit, he will carry
Plural
portabimus, we shall carry
portabitis, you will carry
portabunt, they will carry
ACTIVE
Singular
monebo, I shall warn
monebis, you will warn
monebit, he will warn
Plural
monebimus, we shall warn
monebitis, you will warn
monebunt, they will warn
PASSIVE
Singular
portabor, I shall be carried
portaberis, you will be carried
portabitur, he, she, it will be
carried
Singular
monebor, / shall be warned
moneberis, you will be warned
monebitur, he, she, it will be
warned
Plural
portabimur, we shall be carried
portabiminl, you will be carried
portabuntur, they will be
carried
Plural
monebimur, we shall be warned
monebimini, you will be warned
monebuntur, they will be
warned
a. The syllable -bi- is the tense sign of the future in
the first and second conjugations. It has the form -bu-
in the third person plural, -b- in the first person singular
of both voices, and -be- in the second person singular
of the passive.
76
READING EXERCISE
185. 1. Germanl a Romanls superabuntur, et multa oppida
eorum occupabuntur. Sed Romanl haec oppida non delebunt.
Oppida Germanorum a periculo servabuntur.
2. Romanl Germanos superabunt et multa oppida eorum
occupabunt. Sed haec oppida a Romanls non delebuntur.
Romani non sunt barbarl.
3. Illud oppidum cras oppugnabimus. Multl vulnerabun-
tur, et multi necabuntur, sed oppidum a copils nostrls occupa-
bitur.
4. Galll castra ex hoc loco mox movebunt. Nam Romanl
magnas copias habent, et castra Gallorum oppugnare paratl
sunt.
5. Castra nostra movebimus, quod copiae Romanorum nos
oppugnare paratae sunt. Tum eos non timebimus, quamquam
magnas copias non habemus.
186. VOCABULARY
barbari, -orum, m. pl, barbarians mox, adv., soon
(masculine form of an aoljective, nam, conj., for
barbarus, -a, -um, barbarian) neco, -are, kill
cras, adv., tomorrow servo, -are, save, preserve
deleo, -ere, destroy, blot out vulnero, -are, wound
moveo, -ere, move
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
187. 1. Socios nostros juvabi — (subject “we”), et patria
eorum servabi — . 2. Copiae Romanorum Gallos non timeb —
(will notfear). 3. Hoc oppidum oppugnabi — (will be attacked)
et delebi — . 4. Castra nostra ex eo loco moveba — (subject
“we”). 5. Galll castra nostra in hoc loco non oppugnab—
(will not attack).
77
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
188. 1. Mention an adjective which is suggested by
barbari. 2. What is an indelible stain? 3. What is a vul-
nerable spot? 4. What is an immovable obstacle?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following: he praises, he was praising, he will
praise; they fear, they feared, they will fear; I see, I saw, I shall see.
2. Conjugate supero and video in the future active. 3. Decline together
is gladius.
LESSON XXIX
IMPERFECT AND FUTURE INDICATIVE OF SUM
189. The irregular verb sum does not have the tense signs
which have been seen in the imperfect and future of regular
verbs.
IMPERFECT FUTURE
Singular Singular
eram, I was ero, I shall be
eras, you were eris, you will be
erat, he, she, it was erit, he will be
Plural Plural
eramus, we were erimus, we shall be
eratis, you were eritis, you will be
erant, they were erunt, they will be
a. The present infinitive of sum is esse, to be.
READING EXERCISE
190. 1. Olim in hac terra erant silvae multls in locis. Per
has silvas ferae bestiae errabant. Barbarl quoque per silvas
errabant et bestias saepe necabant. Nunc tecta agricolarum
78
et oppida videmus in els locis ubi olim erant barbarl et ferae
bestiae.
2. Semper amicus tuus ero. Amicl tul erunt amlci mel, et
eos juvabo sl in perlculo erunt. Sed patriae tuae amlcus non
sum.
3. Romanl totum oppidum delere parant. Quamquam
Galll fortiter pugnabunt, superabuntur, et multl necabuntur.
Ceterl erunt servl.
4. Cfir in silva cum amlco herl non eras?
In silva non eram, quod aeger eram.
5. Ubi herl erat hic puer? Eum non videbam.
Hic puer in tecto avuncull mel herl erat.
191. VOCABULARY
bestia, -ae, r., beast, animal heri, adv., yesterday
ceteri, -ae, -a, the other, the paro, -are, prepare
others semper, adv., always
erro, -are, wander, err servus, -l, m., slave, servant
ferus, -a, -um, fierce, wild totus, -a, -um, the whole, all
a. The adjective ceteri is used chiefly in the plural.
Its forms in the singular may be disregarded.
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
192. Write in Latin: 1. Yesterday I was in town with
my uncle. 2. Your present will always be dear to me. 3. We
were in the tents behind the forest. 4. We are Romans; we
will not be slaves. 5. Formerly there were many fierce
animals on this island.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
193. 1. What abbreviation is used for et ceteraf 2. Find
the meaning of the expression Errare est humanum. 3. What
is the meaning of the motto semper paratusf 4. What is a
total failure?
79
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following: he is, he was, he will be; I am,
I was, I shall be; he is fierce, he is warned; she will be happy, she will be
praised. 2. Conjugate impero and habeo in the future active. 3. De-
cline in full the adjective ferus.
LESSON XXX
POSSESSIVES OF THE THIRD PERSON
THE USE OF SUUS
194. In the sentences The boy praises his friends and
The boys praise their friends the words his and their refer
to the subjects of the sentences in which they stand. That
is, the “possessors” are the same persons as the subjects.
The Latin word which translates his, her, its, or their when
thus used is suus, which is an adjective, declined like meus
and tuus. The two sentences given above are in Latin:
(1) Puer amicos suos laudat.
(2) Pueri amicos suos laudant.
It is possible to decide whether his or their will be used to
translate suos in these sentences by observing whether the
subject is singular or plural.
If the subject is feminine suus will be translated her. Thus,
Puella amicos suos laudat means The girl praises her friends.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN SUUS AND EJUS
195. In the sentences They praise his friends and He
praises their friends the words his and their do not refer to the
subjects of the sentences in which they stand. That is, the
“possessors” are not the same persons as the subjects. When
his, her, its are thus used they are translated by ejus, the
genitive singular of is, and their similarly used is translated
by eorum (or earum), the genitive plural of is.
80
It must be remembered that suus is an adjective, and takes
the same gender, number, and case as the word denoting
the thing possessed. Thus in the sentence above, suos is
masculine accusative plural to agree with amicos. The words
ejus and eorum (earum) are pronouns, and do not change their
forms to agree with the noun which they modify.
a. Sometimes possessive words are omitted in Latin
when the meaning is quite clear, even though the cor-
responding English sentence requires that possessives
be used. They are to be supplied in translation when-
ever the sense requires.
Femina filiam amat, the woman loves her daughter.
MANNER OF WEARING THE TOGA
READING EXERCISE
196. 1. Hic vir filium suum semper laudat. Sed filius
ejus non est impiger, neque habet multos amlcos.
2. Hl virl fllios suos laudant. Sed fllii eorum non sunt
impigri, neque bene laborant. Quamquam laudantur, pueri
boni non sunt.
3. Cornelia flliam suam amat, sed flliam amicl mei non amat.
Fllia ejus ad tectum amici mei non saepe invitatur.
4. Illl barbarl sunt perfidl, et castra nostra oppugnare
parant. Igitur arma nostra parata sunt. Sl castra oppugna-
bunt, statim eos in fugam dabimus.
81
Barbari castra vestra non oppugnabunt, quod arma parata
habetis.
5. Lignum ex silva ad tabernaculum porto. Soror mea
ante tabernaculum cenam parat. Tabernaculum in loco
aperto est. Ex hoc loco tabernaculum vides.
6. Mater tua imperat; cur non pares?
Statim parebo.
197. VOCABULARY
cena, -ae, f., dinner perfidus, -a, -um, treacherous
fuga, -ae, f., flight suus, -a, -um, his, her, its,
igitur, conj., therefore their
imperd, -are, command statim, adv., at once
lignum, -I, n., wood vester, -tra, -trum, your (o/
pareo, -ere, obey more than one persori)
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
198. Give the Latin equivalent for the italicized words in
the following sentences, and then translate the sentences into
Latin: 1. The farmer is working in his (own) field. 2. His
son is also working in the field. 3. The barbarians were de-
stroying their (own) towns. 4. We see their camp from this
place. 5. The woman stands before the door of her cottage.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
199. 1. What is an imperious manner? 2. Find from a
dictionary the origin of empire. 3. What is a perfidious
enemy? 4. What is lignitef
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Write two English sentences which if translated into Latin would
require a form of suus, and two which would require ejus or eorum.
2. Conjugate sum in the future indicative. 3. Decline suus in fuil.
82
LESSON XXXI
THIRD DECLENSION OF NOUNS
THE NOMINATIVE AND GENITIVE OF THE THIRD DECLENSION
200. Nouns of the third declension have the genitive
singular ending in -is. In this declension the nominative
singular is formed in a number of ways. But if the genitive
singular is learned at the same time as the nominative, these
variations in the nominative will cause no difhculty. This
declension includes masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns.
MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS WITH THE
GENITIVE PLURAL IN -UM
201. There are two general classes of nouns in the third
declension. They differ mainly in the ending of the genitive
plural. Those which belong to the first class have the genitive
plural ending in -um. Masculine and feminine nouns of
this class are declined as follows:
lex, f.
, law
Singular
mfles,
m., soldier
Nom.
lex
Nom.
miles
Gen.
legis
Gen.
mlhtis
Dat.
legl
Dat.
mllitl
Acc.
legem
Acc.
mllitem
Abl.
lege
Plural
Abl.
mllite
Nom.
leges
Nom.
mllites
Gen.
legum
Gen.
mlhtum
Dat.
legibus
Dat.
mllitibus
Acc.
leges
Acc.
mllites
Abl.
legibus
Abl.
mllitibus
83
frater,
m., brother
Singular
homo,
m., man
Nom.
frater
Nom.
homo
Gen.
fratris
Gen.
hominis
Dat.
fratrl
Dat.
homini
Acc.
fratrem
Acc.
hominem
Abl.
fratre
Plural
Abl.
homine
Nom.
fratres
Nom.
homines
Gen.
fratrum
Gen.
hominum
Dat.
fratribus
Dat.
hominibus
Acc.
fratres
Acc.
homines
Abl.
fratribus
Abl.
hominibus
ENDINGS
202. The case endings, as seen above, are as follows:
Singular Plural
Nom. — x -es
Gen. -is -um
Dat. -I -ibus
Acc. -em -es
Abl. -e -ibus
READING EXERCISE
203. 1. In Gallia est niillus rex. In America est nullus
rex. Olim in multls terrls Europae erant reges. Etiam nunc
in Hispania est rex.
2. Frater meus et pater tuus in bello erant. Frater meus
erat dux, et multl eum laudabant. Pater tuus non erat dux,
sed erat bonus mlles, et fortiter pugnabat.
1 The ending of the nominative singular in lex and miles is really -s, which gives -X
when combined with g or c. But this ending does not appear in all third declension
nouns.
84
3. Castra Romanorum a tergo oppugnabimus. Paucl
mllites in eo loco sunt, et eos facile superabimus. Sine mora
tota castra occupabimus.
4. Socil iterum auxilium nostrum postulant. Patria eorum
in periculo est, et mllites non sunt paratl. Eos juvabimus,
quamquam bellum non deslderamus.
5. Hi virl tecta sua iterum vident, et laeti sunt. Amlci
eorum quoque laetl sunt.
204. VOCABULARY
dux, ducis, m., leader pater, -tris, m., father
etiam, adv., even, also pauci, -ae, -a, pl., few, a few
facile, adv., easily rex, regis, m., king
frater, -tris, m., brother tergum, -I, n., back; a tergo,
mora, -ae, f., delay at the rear, from the rear
mfles, mflitis, m., soldier
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
205. Translate into Latin: 1. The king of the barbarians
has large forces. 2. Our allies do not have (have not) a king.
3. I see your father and your brother in the street. 4. The
soldiers praise their leaders. 5. We shall invite the soldier
and his brother.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
206. 1. Find in a dictionary the derivation of duke.
2. What is a fraternal organization? 3. Explain the state-
ment “A moratorium was declared at the beginning of the
war.” 4. What is the meaning and derivation of militiaf
5. What is paternal affection? 6. Find in a dictionary a
word derived from pauci. 7. How is regalia connected in
meaning with rex?
SUGGESTED DRILL
85
1. Decline together magnus rex. 2. Decline together lex bona.
3. Give the Latin for the following: of the leader, of the leaders, with the
leader, with the leaders. 4. Give the third person plural, active voice, of
the future tense of all the verbs of paragraph 3, section 203.
LESSON XXXII
THIRD DECLENSION (Continued)
NEUTER NOUNS WITH THE GENITIVE PLURAL IN -UM
207. There are many neuter nouns of the third declension.
These, like the masculine and feminine nouns, f orm the ncmina-
tive in different ways. Neuter nouns belonging to the same
general class of the third declension as the masculine and
feminine nouns which have been given in the preceding lessons
are declined as follows:
flumen, n., river
Nom. fliimen
Gen. fluminis
Dat. fliimini
Acc. flumen
Abl. flumine
Singular
caput, n., head
Nom. caput
Gen. capitis
Dat. capiti
Acc. caput
Abl. capite
Plural
Nom. flumina Nom. capita
Gen. fluminum Gen. capitum
Dat. fluminibus Dat. capitibus
Acc. flumina Acc. capita
Abl. fluminibus Abl. capitibus
86
corpus, n., body
Singular
Plural
Nom. corpus
Nom.
corpora
Gen. corporis
Gen.
corporum
Dat. corpori
Dat.
corporibus
Acc. corpus
Acc.
corpora
Abl. corpore
Abl.
corporibus
a. These three words illustrate different formations
of the nominative, but there is no difference in the
manner in which they are declined. If any one of the
three is learned, the others can be declined when the
nominative and genitive are known. Another important
neuter noun of this class is iter, genitive itineris, road
or journey, which appears in a later lesson.
b. In the neuter noun templum of the second declen-
sion, we have seen that the accusative singular is the
same as the nominative singular, that the accusative
plural is the same as the nominative plural, and that
the nominative and accusative plural end in -a. These
facts are also true of the neuter nouns of the third
declension given above, and they are true of all neuter
nouns in the Latin language, no matter what the de-
clension to which they belong.
READING EXERCISE: PUER QUI (WHO) NATAT
208. 1. Tectum nostrum non longe a rlpa fluminis abest.
Saepe in eo flumine nato aut in rlpa sto. Frater meus quoque
interdum in flumine natat. Natare amamus. In medio
flumine est magnum saxum. Ad saxum natamus, tum in
saxo diti sedemus et ceteros pueros spectamus. Fliimen non
altum est, et caput meum vides cum in flumine sto. Corpora
valida habemus quod saepe natamus et quod in agrls labora-
mus.
87
2. Pueri Romanl quoque natare amabant. Roma est in
ripa magni fluminis, et in flumine puerl Romanl saepe
natabant. Etiam hieme Romanl in flumine natabant. Illl
virl corpora valida habebant, et mllites bonl erant.
209. VOCABULARY
aut, conj., or nato, -are, swim
caput, capitis, n., head ripa, -ae, f., bank (ofastream)
corpus, corporis, n., body saxum, -I, n., rock, stone
diu, adv., for a long time, long sedeo, -ere, sit
flumen, fluminis, n., river
medius, -a, -um, middle, the
middle of
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
210. Translate into Latin: 1. From this place I see
the river. 2. This horse has a small head. 3. The soldiers
have strong bodies. 4. The boys sometimes swim in the
rivers. 5. There 1 are forests on the banks of the rivers.
ENGLISH DERTVATIVES FROM LATIN
211. 1. What is capital punishment? corporal punishment?
2. Find an English word from medius. 3. What are riparian
rights? 4. What is a natatoriumf 5. What is a sedentary
occupation?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Rewrite the last sentence of paragraph 1, section 208, changing
the noun corpora and all the verbs to the singular number. 2. Decline
together hoc flumen. 3. Conjugate sedeo in the future active.
4. Give the accusative singular of ripa, equus, rex, mfles, corpus,
flumen.
1 See section 54, page 20.
88
LESSON XXXIII
THIRD DECLENSION (Continued)
MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS WITH THE
GENITIVE PLURAL IN -IUM
212. The second of the two general classes of nouns of
the third declension differs from the first class in that the
genitive plural ends in -ium instead of -um. There are also
a few other differences. Masculine and feminine nouns of
this class are declined as follows:
collis, M.
, hill
nubes, f., cloud
Singular
nox, f., night
Nom.
collis
ntibes
nox
Gen.
collis
nubis
noctis
Dat.
colli
niibl
noctl
Acc.
collem
nubem
noctem
Abl.
colle
ntibe
Plural
nocte
Nom.
colles
nubes
noctes
Gen.
collium
nubium
noctium
Dat.
collibus
nubibus
noctibus
Acc.
collls, -es
nubls, -es
noctls, -es
Abl.
collibus
nubibus
noctibus
a. The Romans sometimes used -Is and sometimes
-es as the ending of the accusative plural of these nouns.
The form in -es is regularly used in this book.
CLASSES OF MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS WITH
THE GENITIVE IN -IUM
213. The following two classes include practically all
masculine and feminine nouns which have the genitive plural
in -ium :
(1) Nouns ending in -is or -es, and having the same num-
89
ber of syllables in the nominative and in the genitive singular:
avis, gen. avis; nubes, gen. nubis.
(2) Nouns which have two consonants immediately pre-
ceding the ending of the genitive singular: nox, gen. noctis.
Other masculine and feminine nouns of the third declen-
sion regularly have the genitive plural in -um. In this book
the genitive plural ending -ium is printed in the vocabulary
after nouns which have that ending.
READING EXERCISE: HOMO QUI LONGE A
TECTO SUO EST
214. Nox est, et in silva aves et bestiae silent. Lux
obscura est propter nubes, quamquam luna videtur. Longe
a tecto meo sum. Ex summo colle parvum oppidum video.
Appropinquabo et cibum rogabo. Nam defessus sum, et
nullam pecuniam habeo. Si non barbari sunt, cibum mihi
dabunt. Pecuniam non rogabo.
Cibum el dabimus, nam defessus est. Non sumus barbarl.
Longe a tecto suo est, et nullam pecuniam habet. Nullos
amicos in hoc loco habet. Sed homo est, et homo hominem
juvare debet.
215. VOCABULARY
appropinquo, -are, approach nox, noctis, -ium, f., night
avis, avis, -ium, f., bird nubes, nubis, -ium, f., cloud
cibus, -I, m., food sileo, -ere, be silent
collis, collis, -ium, m., hill summus, -a, -um, highest,
homo, hominis, m., man highest part of, top of
lux, lucis, f., light
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
216. Translate into Latin: 1. This boy is a friend of the
birds. 2. The nights are long in winter. 3. I see the light
in the window of the cottage. 4. We are hastening from the
street because we see the clouds. 5. This man has no food
because he has no money.
90
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
217. 1. What is an aviatorf 2. What is a translucent
substance? 3. What are nocturnal birds? 4. What is meant
by the phrase summum bonumf
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the genitive singular of all the nouns in the first two lines of
section 214. 2. Decline together collis altus. 3. Decline together avis
pulchra. 4. Conjugate appropinquo and sileo in the imperfect active,
and give the meaning of each form.
LESSON XXXIV
THIRD DECLENSION (Continued)
NEUTER NOUNS WITH THE GENITIVE PLURAL IN -IVM
218. The second class of nouns of the third declension has
a number of nouns which are neuter. The nominative of these
ends in -e, -al, or -ar. They are declined as follows:
Insigne, n., badge exemplar, n., pattern animal, n., animal
Singular
Nom.
Insigne
exemplar
animal
Gen.
Insignis
exemplaris
animalis
Dat.
Insignl
exemplari
animali
Acc.
Insigne
exemplar
animal
Abl.
Insignl
exemplarl
Plural
animall
Nom.
Insignia
exemplaria
animalia
Gen.
Insignium
exemplarium
animahum
Dat.
Insignibus
exemplaribus
animahbus
Acc.
Insignia
exemplaria
animalia
Abl.
Insignibus
exemplaribus
animalibus
91
a. In addition to having the genitive plural ending in
-ium, these nouns differ from the neuter nouns of the
first class in that the ablative singular ends in -I and the
nominative and accusative plural in -ia.
GENDER IN THE TfflRD DECLENSION
219. The following rules will help in determining the gender
of nouns of the third declension:
(1) Nouns ending in -tas and -tus are feminine.
(2) Nouns ending in -tor are masculine.
(3) Nouns ending in -e, -al, -ar, -n, and -t are neuter.
ROMAN STANDARDS
READING EXERCISE: INSIGNIA MILITUM
220. 1. Olim mllites in proelhs Insignia habebant. Sic
hostes et amlci notl erant. Signa quoque habebant. Inter-
92
dum haec signa erant figtirae animalium. In pictfira exem-
plaria horum signorum videtis. Nunc signa in proelils non
videmus, et Insignia saepe celantur.
2. Hostes appropinquant. Ex hoc loco Insignia eorum
videmus. Oppidum nostrum oppugnabunt, sed mllites nostrl
paratl sunt, et non timemus. Hostes superabuntur et oppi-
dum nostrum tiitum erit quod mllites bonos patria nostra
habet.
221. VOCABULARY
animal, animalis, -ium, n., notus, -a, -um, known, well
animal known
celo, -are, conceal proelium, -I, n., battle
exemplar, -aris, -ium, n., copy, sic, adv., thus, so
specimen signum, -I, n., sign, stand-
figura, -ae, f., figure ard
hostis, hostis, -ium, m., enemy
insigne, Insignis, -ium, n.,
decoration, badge
a. The word hostis is applied to an enemy of one’s
country, while inimicus means a personal enemy.
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
222. 1. Corpora horum animal — parva sunt. 2. Dux
host — (of the enemies) gladium habet. 3. Frater meus Insignia
pulchr — habet. 4. Mllites nostrl sign — (standards) in proelils
non portant. 5. Haec picttira pulchra multls not — est.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
223. 1. What is exemplary conduct? 2. Find an adjec-
tive and a noun derived from hostis. 3. What is meant by
the insignia of office? 4. What distinction in use is commonly
made between notorious and notedf
93
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Decline together hostis miser. 2. Decline together parvum animal.
3. Rewrite paragraph 2 of section 220, changing all the verbs to the im-
perfect tense. 4. Give the genitive plural of collis, homo, nox, hostis,
figura, proelium.
LESSON XXXV
PERFECT TENSE
MEANING OF THE PERFECT
224. In addition to the imperfect, Latin has another tense,
called the perfect, denoting past time.
The perfect tense of the Latin verb is sometimes translated
by such forms as I have carried, you have carried, etc, and some-
times by the simple past tense I carried, you carritd, etc. The
meaning of the rest of the sentence will usually make it easy to
decide which of these two translations should be used.
FORMS OF THE PERFECT
225. The verbs porto and moneo are conjugated as follows
in the perfect active:
Singular
portavl, I carried, or I have carried
portavistl, you carried, or you have carried
portavit, he carried, or he has carried
Plural
portavimus, we carried, or we have carried
portavistis, you carried, or you have carried
portaverunt, they carried, or they have carried
Singular Plural
monul, I warned, or I have warned monuimus
monuistl monuistis
monuit monuerunt
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a. The verbs amo, laudo, supero, and most other
verbs of the first conjugation form their perfects like
porto. The perfects of terreo, timeo, and habed are
like that of moneo. The perfect of maneo is mansi,
mansisti, etc.
b. The personal endings used in the perfect active differ
from those used with the other tenses. They are as
f ollows :
Singular Plural
-I -imus
-istl -istis
-it -erunt
THE PERFECT OF SUM
226. The verb sum is conjugated as follows in the perfect:
Singular Plural
fui, / have been fuimus, we have been
fuistl, you have been fuistis, you have been
fuit, he has been fuerunt, they have been
DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE PERFECT AND THE IMPERFECT
227. The distinction between the perf ect and the imperfect
tenses consists in the fact that the imperfect represents an
act as going on in past time or denotes a situation in past
time, while the perfect either denotes a single past act without
reference to its continuance or is equivalent to the English
present perfect.
In the sentence We crossed the river a single act in past time
is denoted, and hence the perfect will be used in Latin. Simi-
larly, in the sentence We have crossed the river, the verb is in
the present perfect, and the Latin equivalent will require the
perfect. On the other hand, We were crossing the river repre-
sents an act as going on in past time, and Everyone feared war
95
denotes a situation in past time. Hence the imperfect will
be used in these two sentences.
READING EXERCISE
228. 1. Gens vestra bellum amat, et semper amavit. Ro-
mani vos in proelils saepe superaverunt et multas urbes vestras
etiam expugnaverunt. Sed in terra vestra non manserunt.
2. Clves nostri bellum non deslderant, sed gentem vestram
non timent neque timuerunt. Non sunt ignavl, sed non facile
ad bellum excitantur.
3. Ciir huc properavistl? Hiic properavl, quod frater meus
in perlculo est et auxilium meum postulat. Auxilium tuum
quoque desiderat. Tibi semper benignus fuit, et auxilium dare
debes.
4. Fratrem tuum saepe monul. Cur perlculum non videt?
Auxilium non dabo.
229. VOCABULARY
civis, civis, -ium, m., citizen ignavus, -a, -um, cowardly
excito, -are, arouse, stir up, urbs, urbis, -ium, f., city
excite vos, you (plural, nominative
gens, gentis, -ium, f., nation and accusative)
huc, adv., to this place, hither
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
230. 1. Mllites hunc ducem semper amav — . 2. Pater
meus saepe fratrem meum monu — . 3. Socii nostri auxilium
postulav — . 4. Amlcl nostri benignl fu — , et eos amamus.
5. Hanc gentem timu — (subject ( W).
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
231. 1. What is meant by civic virtues? 2. What connec-
tion in meaning can you see between civilization and civis?
3. Give an English noun which is derived from excito.
4. What is the difference between urban and urbanef
96
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate moneo and maneo through the perfect indicative active,
and give meanings. 2. Decline civis. 3. Write the third person plural
of porto and moneo in the active voice, in all the tenses given thus far.
FOURTH REVIEW LESSON
232. VOCABULARY REVIEW, LESSONS XXVIII-XXXV
animal, -alis
proelium, -I
expugno, -an
avis, avis
rex, regis
impero, -are
barbari, -orum
rlpa, -ae
moveo, -ere
bestia, -ae
saxum, -I
nato, -are
caput, capitis
servus, -I
neco, -are
cena, -ae
signum, -I
paro, -are
cibus, -I
tergum, -I
pareo, -ere
civis, civis
urbs, urbis
sedeo, -ere
collis, collis
servo, -are
corpus, corporis
ceteri, -ae, -a
sileo, -ere
dux, ducis
ferus, -a, -um
vulnero, -are
exemplar, -aris
ignavus, -a, -um
figura, -ae
medius, -a, -um
cras
fliimen, fluminis
notus, -a, -um
diu
frater, fratris
pauci, -ae, -a
etiam
fuga, -ae
perfidus, -a, -um
facile
gens, gentis
summus, -a, -um
heri
homo, hominis
suus, -a, -um
hiic
hostis, hostis
totus, -a, -um
mox
Insigne, Insignis
vester, -tra, -trum
semper
lignum, -I
vos
sic
lux, lticis
statim
miles, militis
appropinquo, -are
mora, -ae
celo, -are
aut
nox, noctis
deleo, -ere
igitur
nubes, niibis
erro, -are
nam
pater, patris
excito, -are