LESSON XXI
PREPOSITIONS WITH THE ACCUSATIVE
CASE USE WITH PREPOSITIONS
137. The prepositions cum, ex, and in, as has been seen,
take the ablative case. There are, however, many preposi-
tions with which the accusative is used. The accusative,
therefore, in addition to being the case of the object of a verb,
is also found with certain prepositions.
When a new preposition is given in the vocabulary, the
case with which it is used will be indicated. Thus ante,
prep. with acc, means that ante is a preposition which takes
the accusative. The number of prepositions taking the
accusative is larger than the number taking the ablative.
PHRASES WITH TO
138. We have seen that an English phrase with to is trans-
lated by the dative case if it is equivalent to an indirect object
or if it depends on an adjective similar in meaning to those
given in section 48. In such phrases the English word to is
represented by the case ending of the Latin word. But
phrases with to which denote the place to which a person or
thing moves are expressed by the preposition ad followed by
the accusative case of the word denoting the place to or toward
which the motion is directed.
READING EXERCISE: SCHOLA MEA ET AMlCl MEl
139. 1. Mane ad scholam propero. Multl virl tum per
vias properant. Ante scholam nostram est magnum aedificium.
In hoc aedificio multl vir! laborant. Amicus meus, Piiblius,
ibi aestate laborat, sed nunc in schola est. Post hoc aedificium
est via lata. Trans hanc viam est parva casa, et amlcus meus
in hac casa habitat.
2. Vesperi post horas scholae cum amicis meis saepe ambulo.
57
Interdum amlcos ad tectum nostrum invlto. Saepe ad tecta
amlcorum invltor. Multos amlcos habeo.
3. Mane puerl et puellae ad scholam properant. Haec schola
est ante magnum aedificium. Ibi laboro. Fllius amici mel
in hoc aedificio aestate laborat, sed nunc in schola est. Ves-
perl post horas scholae fllius amlcl in via ambulat. Multl
puerl tum in vils ambulant. Interdum fllius amlcl ad tectum
meum invltatur. Multos amlcos habet.
140. VOCABULARY
ad, prep. with acc, to, toward mane, in the morning
aedificium, -l, n., building per, prep. with acc, through
ante, prep. with acc, before, post, prep. with acc, behind,
in f ront of af ter
hora, -ae, f., hour trans, prep. with acc, across
invlto, -are, invite
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
141. 1. Puella ad cas — (the cottages) properat. 2. Cum
amlco per silv — (foresi) ambulamus. 3. Tabernaculum est in
silva post oppid — (town). 4. Est magnum aedificium trans
vi — (the street). 5. Amlcl mel saepe ad tect — tu — (your
house) invltantur.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
142. 1. What is an edifice? 2. Find the origin of the
abbreviations a. m. and p. m. 3. What is a transcontinental
railroad? 4. What is an ante-roomt
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following phrases: Behind the forest, in the
forest, through the forest, from the forest. 2. Tell which of the phrases
with to in the following sentences will be translated by ad with the ac-
cusative and which by the dative case alone: (a) I gave the letter to the
boy. (6) He is walking to the town. (c) We hurried to the window.
(d) The report was not pleasing to your father. 3. Decline together the
words for this hour.
58
LESSON XXII
SECOND CONJUGATION
CHARACTERISTIC VOWEL OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION
143. The verb monet, he warns, differs from portat, he
carries, in that it has e instead of a before the ending -t. Simi-
larly monemus, we warn, differs from portamus, we carry, and
monetur, he is warned, differs from portatur, he is carried.
This verb belongs to the second conjugation. The infinitive,
meaning to warn, is monere. All verbs which have the present
active infinitive ending in -ere are of the second conjugation
and are conjugated like moneo. The present indicative of
moneo is as follows:
THE PRESENT INDICATIVE OF MONEO
144. ACTIVE PASSIVE
Singular Singular
moneo, I warn, am warning moneor, I am warned
mones, you warn, etc moneris, you are warned
monet, he, she, it warns, etc monetur, he, she, it is warned
Plural Plural
monemus, we warn monemur, we are warned
monetis, you warn moneminl, you are warned
monent, they warn monentur, they are warned
a. The personal endings are the same as in the forms
of porto.
READING EXERCISE: PERICULUM SOCIORUM NOSTRORUM
145. 1. Socil nostri magno in perlculo sunt quod satis
magnas copias non habent. Saepe monentur, sed non timent.
Sl auxilium nostrum expectant, arma habere debent. Magnas
copias habere debent. Perlculum non vident, sed perlculum
magnum est.
59
2. Cur socii nostrl monentur?
Socil nostri monentur quod in perlcul5 sunt.
3. Cur socii in perlculo sunt?
Socil in perlculo sunt quod satis magnas copias non
habent.
4. Quid socil expectant?
Socil auxilium nostrum expectant.
5. Quid socil habere debent?
Socil magnas copias habere debent.
6. Cur socil satis magnas copias non habent?
Socil satis magnas copias non habent quod perlculum
non vident.
7. Ciir socios habere debemus?
Socios habere debemus quod patria nostra interdum in
perlculo est.
146. VOCABULARY
auxilium, -I, n., assistance, help periculum, -I, n., danger,
copia, -ae, f., plenty; plural, peril
copiae, -arum, troops, forces satis, adv., enough
debeo, -ere, owe, ought si, conj., if
moneo, -ere, warn socius, -l, m., ally
paratus, -a, -um, ready, prepared timeo, -ere, fear
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
147. Write in Latin: 1. We are sometimes warned by our
friends. 2. You (singular) ought to have your book. 3. War
is not feared by our allies. 4. You do not see our house
from your window. 5. We do not fear danger, because we
are prepared.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
148. 1. What is an auxiliary verb? 2. What is a copious
supply? 3. Find in a dictionary the origin of the words
debt and peril. 4. What is the original meaning of monitor?
60
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate debeo, timeo, and video in the present tense, active and
passive. 2. Give the Latin for they see, they praise, he sees, he praises.
LESSON XXIII
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE ILLE
149. The demonstrative ille, that (plural those) is declined
as f ollows :
Singular
Plural
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Masc.
Fem.
Neut.
Nom. ille
illa
illud
illl
illae
illa
Gen. illms
illlus
illius
illorum
illarum
illorum
Dat. illi
illi
illl
illls
illls
illls
Acc. illum
illam
illud
illos
illas
illa
Abl. illo
illa
illo
illls
illis
illls
READING EXERCISE
150. 1. Ille vir est caecus, sed in vils sine amlco saepe
ambulat neque perlculum timet. Saepe ad tectum f Ilil ambulat.
Fllius in tecto post hortum nostrum habitat.
2. Quam timida illa puella est. Sed nullum perlculum in
hls locls est, et puella ttita est.
3. Ciir pecuniam illi puero iterum das? Peciiniam iterum
illi puero do quod epistulas meas portat. Hodie epistulam ad
amlcum tuum portat.
4. Marcus non adest. Ubi est? Cum amlco in silva est.
Sed Titus et Sextus adsunt. Hl puerl sunt amlcl mel. Marcus
quoque amlcus meus est.
5. Fllia illlus feminae nunc in Britannia est. Femina
epistulas ad flliam saepe scrlbit. Fllia quoque epistulas
scrlbit. Has epistulas amlco dat. Amlcus epistulas ad
Americam portat.
61
151. VOCABULARY
adsum, adesse, be present, neque, conj., nor, and not
be at hand quam, adv., how, as, than
caecus, -a, -um, blind sine, prep. with abl., without
ille, illa, illud, that timidus, -a, -um, timid
iterum, adv., again tutus, -a, -um, safe
locus, -I, m. (pl. loca, -orum,
n.), place
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
152. 1. Quis est ill — puer? 2. Cur ill — puella nullos
libros habet? 3. Filia ill — viri aegra est. 4. Epistulas
saepe ill — puero do. 5. 111 — femina et ill — vir incolae
Hiberniae sunt.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
153. 1. What is the meaning of reiteratef 2. Find an
adjective, a noun, and a verb which are connected in derivation
with locus. 3. What is meant by the statement “The legis-
lature adjourned sine die”? 4. Find a noun which is con-
nected in derivation with timidus.
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following phrases as subjects: that town,
those towns, these towns, that friend, those friends, these friends. 2. Give
the Latin for the following phrases as direct objects: that forest, those
forests, these forests, that field, those fields, these fields. 3. Decline together
the words illa terra.
62
LESSON XXIV
IMPERFECT OF THE FIRST AND SECOND CONJTJGATIONS
THE IMPERFECT TENSE
154. In the English sentences I walked and I was walking
the verbs walked and was walking both denote past time. The
only difference is that the second represents the act as con-
tinuing or in progress in the past, while the first merely indi-
cates that the act was in past time, without any reference to
its continuance. Latin has no means of showing the differ-
ence between these two expressions. The verb ambulabam
may mean either I walked or I was walking.
The Latin tense which corresponds to such verb forms as
walked and was walking is called the imperfect.
THE IMPERFECT ACTIVE OF PORTO AND MONEO
155. The verbs porto and moneo have the following forms
in the imperf ect active :
Singular
portabam, I was carrying or / carried
portabas, you were carrying, you carried
portabat, he, she, it was carrying, he carried, etc.
Plural
portabamus, we were carrying, we carried
portabatis, you were carrying, you carried
portabant, they were carrying, they carried
TENSE OF VERBS
/24) When someone says The boy stands in the street, we know that
the act is going on while we are being told about it; that is, in the present
time. If the sentence is The boy stood in the street, we know that the act
took place at some past time, and similarly the sentence The boy will stand
in the street shows that the act is going to take place in the future. In these
63
Singular
monebam, I was warning or I warned
monebas, you were warning, you warned
monebat, he, she, it was warning, etc.
Plural
monebamus, we were warning, etc.
monebatis, you were warning, etc.
monebant, they were warning, etc.
a. The syllable ba, which is seen in all the forms of
the imperfect, is called the tense sign of the imperfect.
READING EXERCISE
156. 1. Galli auxilium Romanorum postulabant quod Ger-
mani agros Galliae vastabant et oppida occupabant. Galli
pro patria fortiter pugnabant, sed satis magnas copias non
habebant, et propter perlculum auxilium desiderabant.
2. Auxilium vestrum postulamus quod bellum timemus.
Agrl nostrl vastantur, et oppida occupantur. Sine socils
patria nostra non tiita est.
3. Bellum non deslderamus, sed Romanos non timemus.
Patria cara est, et pro patria pugnamus.
sentences the form of the verb shows what is the time of the act. The
forms of a verb which show time are called tenses. There are six tenses in
English. Their names are present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect,
and future perfect. The following forms of the verb walk with the subject
I show how these tenses are used.
Present I walk
Past I walked
Future I shall walk
Present Perfect I have walked
Past Perfect I had walked
Future Perfect I shall have walked
64
4. In bello agricolae non sine perlculo in agrls laborant.
Tum feminae et puerl et puellae in oppidls timent. Bellum
feminls non gratum est.
5. Marcus in via cum parva puella ambulabat. Puella
rosam portabat. Parva puella soror Marcl est, et saepe cum
Marco ambulat.
157. VOCABULARY
desidero, -are, desire postulo, -are, demand
fortiter, adv., bravely pro, prep. with abl., for, on
Gallia, -ae, f., Gaul (a country) behalf of, before
Gallus, -I, m., a Gaul propter, prep. with acc, on
Germanus, -I, m., a German account of
occupo, -are, seize vasto, -are, lay waste
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
158. 1. In via cum amlcls ambulaba — (subject “I”).
2. Bellum non timeba — (subject u we”), quod socios habeba —
(subject “we”). 3. Ille puer librum et epistulam portaba — .
4. Socil nostrl pro patria fortiter pugnaba — . 5. Auxilium
postulaba — (subject “we”), sed perlculum non videba — (sub-
ject “you” singular).
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
159. 1. Find two adjectives ending in -ic which are related
to Gallus and Germanus. 2. What is the meaning of pro-
slaveryf 3. What is a devastated region?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Conjugate occupo and timeo in the imperfect active. 2. Give the
Latin for the following: they were carrying, they were warning; he was
praising, he was fearing. 3. Rewrite paragraph 1 of section 156, changing
the verbs to the present tense.
65
LESSON XXV
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE
THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN
160. The Latin word for who when used in a question is
quis, and for what similarly used is quid, as has already been
seen in preceding vocabularies. The genitive, meaning whose,
of whom, or of what is cujus in the singular and quorum or
quarum in the plural. Whom is quem (or quam) in the sin-
gular and quos (or quas) in the plural. These are forms of
the interrogative pronoun.
THE INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE
161. In the phrases what man, which booh, what woman,
the forms what and which are attached to nouns, just as ad-
jectives are. When thus used they are called interrogative
adjectives.
THE FORMS OF THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE
162. The forms of the interrogative pronoun and adjective
are the same for most cases in Latin, but there are some forms
of the adjective which are not used as pronouns.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom.
quis (qul)
quae
quid (quod)
who, which, what
Gen.
cujus
cujus
cujus
whose, of whom y of
what
Dat.
cui
cui
cui
to whom, whom (as
indirect object)
Acc.
quem
quam
quid (quod)
whom, which, what
Abl.
quo
qua
quo
(from, by) whom,
etc.
66
Nom. qui
Gen. quorum
Plural
quae quae
quarum quorum
Dat. quibus quibus quibus
Acc. quos
Abl. quibus
quas quae
quibus quibus
who, which, what
whose, of whom, of
what
to whom, to what,
whom, what (as
indirect object)
whom, which, what
(from, by) whom,
etc.
a. The forms qui and quod, which are placed in paren-
theses above, are sometimes used as adjectives in the
singular number. The nominative quis as a pronoun
may be either masculine or feminine. It is sometimes
used as a masculine adjective.
READING EXERCISE
163. 1. Cujus librum habes?
Librum meum habeo.
2. In quo loco liber meus est?
Librum tuum non video.
3. Quis in via clamat?
Sextus clamat in via. Me vocat.
4. Cur Sexto non respondes?
Non respondeo quod mater mea me in tecto manere jubet.
5. Cur puero praemium das?
Praemium puero do quod impiger est.
6. Quos in via vides?
Sextum et tres amlcos video.
7. Quibus tua mater praemia dat?
Mea mater praemia Tito et Publio dat.
8. Hortus noster est inter tectum et viam. A dextra est
miirus altus, a sinistra est parvum aedificium. Hoc aedificium
a tecto non longe abest, et saepe ibi laboro.
67
164. VOCABULARY
absum, abesse, be away, be jubeo, -ere, order, command
absent, be distant longe, adv., at a distance, far
altus, -a, -um, high, tall, deep me, me
clamo, -are, shout murus, -I, m., wall
inter, prep. with acc, between, respondeo, -ere, answer, reply
among voco, -are, call
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
165. Write in Latin: 1. Whose son are you? 2. Whose
(plural) daughters are those girls? 3. Those girls are the
daughters of Sextus and Marcus. 4. To whom (singular) was
Titus giving money? 5. Whom (singular) do you see in the
street? 6. Whom (plural) do the Germans fear?
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
166. 1. What is meant by altitudef 2. What is the
meaning of inter-urbant 3. What are mural decorations?
4. What is a vocationt
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following in the singular number and the
raasculine gender: whom (direct object), whose, by whom, to whom (indirect
object). 2. Give the Latin for the following in the masculine plural:
whom (direct object), of whom (whose), by whom. 3. Conjugate respondeo
in the imperfect tense, active voice.
LESSON XXVI
THE IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF PORTO AND MONEO
167. The verbs porto and moneo have the following forms
in the imperfect indicative passive:
68
Singular Singular
portabar, I was being carried or I was carried monebar
portabaris, you were being carried, etc. monebaris
portabatur, he was being carried, etc. monebatur
Plural Plural
portabamur, we were being carried, etc. monebamur
portabamini, you were being carried, etc. monebamini
portabantur, they were being carried, etc. monebantur
READING EXERCISE
168. 1. Socil nostri superabantur quod satis magnas
copias non habebant. Agrl vastabantur et oppida acriter
oppugnabantur. Auxilium rogabatur, sed copias tum non
habebamus. Nunc socios juvare parati sumus.
2. Agri nostrl vastabantur quod satis magnas copias non
habebamus. Auxilium postulabamus, sed multl periculum
non videbant. Nunc socios habemus, et tutl sumus.
3. Consilia mea olim laudabantur. Ciir nunc non pro-
bantur?
Consilia tua olim probabantur quod bellum non timebamus.
Sed nunc consilia tua non bona videntur, quod patria nostra
in perlculo est.
4. Quamquam populus Romanus magnas copias habebat,
socios quoque habebat. Hl socil in bello saepe auxilium
rogabant. Romanl socios in bello juvabant.
169. VOCABULARY
acriter, adv., vigorously probo, -are, approve
juvo, -are, help quamquam, conj., although
olim, adv., formerly, once rogo, -are, ask
upon a time supero, -are, defeat, over-
oppugno, -are, attack come
populus, -I, m., people videor, -eri, seem
69
STREET OF POMPEII
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
170. 1. Oppidum nostrum a Romanls acriter oppugnaba — .
2. Romani a socils et amlcls juvaba — . 3. Consilium meum
a Sexto et Publio laudaba — . 4. Olim socil nostri a Germanls
non timeba — , sed nunc time — . 5. Hic puer saepe auxilium
rogaba — . 6. Olim patria tua a socils non laudaba — , sed
nunc saepe lauda — .
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
171. 1. Find from a dictionary the meaning and origin of
adjutant and coadjutor. 2. Give an adjective and a noun
which are derived from populus. 3. What is the meaning of
approbationf Why is it spelled with two p’s? 4. What is an
insuperable difficulty?
70
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Copy the conjugation of moneo in the imperfect passive as given
above, and write the English meaning after each form. 2. Give the
Latin for the following: they were being defeated, they were being warned t
they are being warned. 3. Decline the interrogative pronoun.
LESSON XXVII
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IS
172.
Masculine
Nom. is, he
Gen. ejus, his
Dat. el, to him
THE FORMS OF /S
Singular
Feminine Neuter
ea, she id, it
ejus, her (possessive) ejus, its
el, to her ei, to it
Acc. eum, him (dir. obj.) eam, her (dir. obj.) id, it (dir. obj.)
Abl. eo (from, by, with) him ea (from, by, with) her eo (from, by, with) it
Nom. el
ii
Gen.
Dat.
they
eorum, their
eis
iis
to them
Acc. eos, them (dir. obj.)
Abl. elsl (from, by, with)
ils / them
Plural
eae, they
earum, their
els
iis
ea, they, those things
e5rum, their
to them
ns
to them
eas, them (dir. obj.)
els) (from, by, with)
ils / them
ea, them (dir. obj.)
elsl (from, by, with)
ils f them
a. The masculine and feminine forms will be trans-
lated like those of the neuter gender if they refer to
antecedents which would be neuter in English. Thus a
masculine form (is, eum, eo, etc.) will be used to refer
to ager because it is masculine, and a feminine form
will be used to refer to silva. But since field and forest
are neuter in English, the pronouns which refer to them
will be translated it.
71
ADJECTIVE USE OF IS
173. The forms of is are commonly used as pronouns
meaning he, she, it, his, him, her, etc, as has been seen, but
sometimes they are used as adjectives. When they modify
nouns they will be translated either this or that as the sense
requires. Thus is puer may mean either this boy or that boy,
and ea puella may mean either this girl or that girl. But is
does not emphasize the idea that the thing denoted by the
noun it modifies is near, as does hic, or that it is at some dis-
tance away, as does ille.
HIC AND ILLE AS PRONOUNS
174. The forms of hic and ille are sometimes used as pro-
nouns meaning he, she, it, him, his, her, etc, instead of the
forms of is. The plural forms hi, illi, etc, mean these or those
(persons); the neuter haec, illa, etc, mean these things or those
things.
READING EXERCISE
175. 1. Mater nostra ex janua nos vocat. In tectum
properamus, et avunculum nostrum cum fllils ejus ibi videmus.
Avunculus noster et fllii ejus nos saliitant. Eos salutamus.
2. Avunculus meus in parvo oppido habitat. Tectum
ejus est magnum et pulchrum. Marcus non longe a tecto
avunculi mel habitat. Interdum ad tectum avuncull mel
invltor, et Marcum tum video. Cum eo saepe in viis ambulo.
Olim in eo oppido habitabam, et Marcum saepe videbam.
3. Cur ita timidus es? Timeo quod nulla arma habeo, et
inimicus meus armatus est. Nullum auxilium video, quam-
quam undique circumspecto. Manere non audeo.
176. VOCABULARY
armatus, -a, -um, armed is, ea, id, this, that; he, she, it
audeo, -ere, dare ita, adv., so
avunculus, -I, m., uncle nos, we, us
circumspecto, -are, look around saluto, -are, greet
inimicus, -I, m., enemy undique, adv., on all sides
72
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
177. Write in Latin: 1. Titus is a good man, and we love
him. 2. Sextus works well, but his son is not industrious.
3. I do not give him a reward, because he does not work well.
4. These men have no money, but they have many friends.
5. We were looking around on all sides, because our enemies
had weapons.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
178. 1. What was the Spanish Armadaf From what Latin
word is armada derived? 2. What is an audacious plan?
3. What is a circumspect person? 4. What is the meaning
of inimicalf 5. What is the source and the meaning of the
abbreviation i. e.f
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following: him (direct object), with him, with
her, his (of him), by him, to him (indirect object); them (masculine,
direct object), of them, with them, to them (indirect object), by them.
2. Conjugate audeo in the imperfect active and saluto in the imperfect
passive.
ROMAN DRINKING CUPS
73
179.
THIRD REVIEW LESSON
VOCABITLARY REVIEW, LESSONS XX-XXVn
aedificium, -I
ille, illa, illud
videor, -eri
auxilium, -I
is, ea, id
voco, -are
avunculus, -I
nos
copia, -ae
tres
acriter
copiae, -arum
fortiter
dextra, -ae
absum, abesse
ita
hora, -ae
adsum, adesse
iterum
inimicus, -I
audeo, ere
longe
jaculum, -I
circumspecto, -are
mane
locus, -l
clamo, -are
olim
mtirus, -I
debeo, -ere
quam
periculum, -1
desidero, -are
satis
populus, -1
invlto, -are
undique
sagitta, -ae
jubeo, -ere
sagittarius, -I
juvo, -are
ad
sinistra, -ae
moneo, -ere
ante
socius, -I
occupo, -are
inter
oppugno, -are
per
altus, -a, -um
postulo, -are
post
armatus, -a, -um
probo, -are
pro
caecus, -a, -um
pugno, -are
propter
paratus, -a, -um
rogo, -are
sine
tertius, -a, -um
timeo, -ere
trans
timidus, -a, -um
respondeo, -ere
tiitus, -a, -um
saliito, -are
neque
supero, -are
quamquam
hic, haec, hoc
vasto, -are
si