THE FIRST DECLENSION
61. Nouns which form their cases with the same endings as
those of rosa are said to belong to the first declension. All
nouns with the nominative ending in -a and the genitive in
-ae are of the first declension.
a. In the vocabularies hereafter the nominative of
new nouns of the first declension will be given, with the
genitive ending printed after the nominative to show
that the noun is of the first declension. Thus luna, -ae
indicates that luna is a first declension noun.
CASE OF NOUNS IN APPOSITION
62. A noun in apposition is in the same case as the noun
which it explains.
Fflia tua Cornelia in via stat, your daughter Cornelia is
standing in the street.
READING EXERCISE
63. 1. Casa nostra magnas fenestras habet. Fenestrae
sunt apertae. Ex fenestrls vias videmus. Flliae agricolae in
vils ambulant.
2. Mater tua puellas expectat. Puellae ex schola prope-
rant. Soror tua cum puellls est. Puellae laetae sunt. Mater
tua nunc puellas videt.
3. Schola nostra est magna. Scholam nostram laudamus.
APPOSITION
(18) Sometimes two nouns, or a pronoun and a noun, denoting the
same person or thing are put side by side, without a verb being used to
connect them. The second is used to explain the first by making known
some fact or by telling more definitely who or what is meant. Thus, A
boy, a friend of my brother, is visiting at my home. The word friend
denotes the same person as boy, and serves to make known a fact
regarding the boy. A noun used in this way is called an appositive, and
is said to be in apposition with the word which it explains. In the sen-
tence above, friend is in apposition with boy.
24
In schola nostra linguam Latinam discimus. Fama scholae
nostrae bona est.
4. Scholae Americae sunt multae et bonae. In multls
terris Europae quoque sunt scholae bonae. Sed Hispania non
habet multas scholas. Incolae Europae scholas Americae
saepe laudant.
64. VOCABULARY
aperta, open lingua, language
discimus, we learn nostra, our
expectat, awaits, waits for properant, (they) hasten, hurry
fama, reputation schola, school
Latina, Latin • videmus, we see
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
65. 1. Viam ex apert — fenestr — (the open windows) video.
2. Soror mea ex schol — properat. 3. Soror tua non est cum
parv — puell — (the little girl). 4. Sunt mult — schol — in
Americ — . 5. Cornelia flliam poet — expectat. 6. Agricola
Corneli — expectat.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
66. 1. What is an aperturef 2. Find from a dictionary the
original meaning of disciple. 3. What is meant by a bilin-
gual country? 4. What is an expectant attitude?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Write out in full the declension of the nouns lingua and schola.
2. Write out the declension of the phrase casa mea. 3. Name the three
prepositions which have been used witb the ablative in the lessons thus
far. 4. Write an English sentence containing a phrase with to which is
equivalent to an indirect object.
25
26
67.
FIRST REVIEW LESSON
VOCABULARY REVIEW, LESSONS I-X
agncola
tibi
amant
amicus
ambulant
casa
ambulo
dant
donum
amo
laudant
epistula
do
properant
fabula
laudo
sunt
fama
video
vident
fenestra
filia
amas
bene
incola
amat
cur
lingua
dat
mater
expectat
ibi
nauta
monstrat
interdum
narrat
peciinia
nunc
pictura
habet
quoque
poeta
cupit
saepe
puella
legit
rosa
ostendit
cum
schola
scribit
e, ex
silva
est
in
soror
amamus
et
via
laudamus
vlta
videmus
sed
mihi
discimus
WORD STUDY
68. We have seen (page 3) that many English words, such
as terminus, stimulus, veto, animal, census, were originally Latin
words, and have been taken into English without change of
spelling. Others, such as humble, count, blame, sure, are
greatly changed from their original Latin form, because they
27
have not come directly from Latin, but were developed in
French from Latin, with changed pronunciation and spelling,
and were taken from French into English. Sometimes the
meaning as well as the form of these words has changed, but
usually we can recognize the original meaning.
69. We often find a group of Latin words which are related
in derivation and meaning. Thus amo, amor, amicus, amicitia,
amabilis, inimicus, inimicitia have a common element. We
shall see later something of how Latin words are formed. We
sometimes say that an English word is related in derivation to
a certain Latin word, although it does not come directly from
that word, but from another word which is derived from the
Latin word given. Thus, we may say the word amiable is
related in derivation to the Latin amo, although it comes
more directly from amabilis, which in turn is from amo. Some
of the Latin words from which our English words are directly
derived were not often used by good Latin writers, and there-
fore the derivation of the English word is more easily explained
by a related Latin word of common use.
70. There are certain changes of spelling which we find in
the development of English words from Latin. Thus, Latin
words ending in -tia often give English words in -ce (occasionally
-cy). For example, temperance is from temperantia, patience
f rom patientia, clemency from clementia. Other changes will be
explained later.
EXERCISE
Select twelve nouns from the Review Vocabulary on page 26, from
which you can find English derivatives. Give the meaning of these deriva-
tives.
ROMAN SEAL RINGS
28
LESSON XI
CONJUGATION OF SUM
THE FORMS OF SUM
71. The forms of the Latin verb sum meaning I am are as
follows when referring to present time:
Ist person sum, I am sumus, we are
2d person es, you (singular) are estis, you (plural) are
3d person est, (he, she, it) is sunt, (ihey) are
a. In English you may denote one person or more than
one. We say You are my friend when speaking to one
person, and You are my friends when speaking to two or
more persons. Latin, however, has different forms for
the singular and plural of this pronoun. The verb forms
used to denote an act of the persons or person spoken to
also differ according as the subject is singular or plural.
In Latin the word used for are in translating You are
my friend would be different from that used for are in
translating You are my friends, because thesubject, you,
denotes one person in the first sentence and more than
one in the second.
READING EXERCISE
72. 1. Incola Britanniae sum. Soror mea incola Hiberniae
est. Sed patria nostra est America, et amicl patriae nostrae
sumus.
PERSON AND NUMBER OF VERBS
(19) In some tenses a verb has a different form when its subject is in
the first person from what it would have if the subject were in the third
person. Thus we say / walk, but he walks. The third person plural also
differs from the third person singular. Thus, he walks, they walk. A verb
is said to be in the same person and number as its subject.
29
2. Nunc in America es, sed America non est patria tua.
Ciir non amlcus Americae es? Ctir Americam non amas?
3. Nunc in Italia estis. In Italia sumus. Italia est terra
pulchra. Sed Italia non est patria nostra. Italiam saepe
laudamus, sed Americam amamus.
4. Ex fenestra mea noctu. stellas specto. Saepe lunam
quoque specto. Liina nunc obscura est, sed stellae clarae sunt.
5. Ex via fenestram tuam videmus. Fenestra aperta est.
Soror tua ex fenestra puellas in via spectat. Cur soror tua non
in via cum puellls est?
6. Soror mea aegra est. Mater mea est misera quod soror
mea est aegra.
73. VOCABULARY
aegra, ill noctu, at night
amici, friends obscura, dim
clara, bright, clear; famous quod, because
luna, -ae, f., moon specto, I watch, look at
misera, unhappy stella, -ae, f., star
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
74. Translate the following sentences into Latin:
1. I am now an inhabitant of America.
2. The poefs daughters are in Ireland.
3. You are in a beautiful country.
4. We are in the cottage with the sailor.
5. I am watching (I watch) the stars, but I do not see the
moon.
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
(20) A verb which takes a direct object is called a transitive verb. In
the sentence / saw the fire, the verb saw is transitive. A verb which does
not take a direct object is called an intransitive verb. In the sentence We
walked in the park, the verb walked is intransitive.
30
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
75. 1. What is the meaning of clarify? What part of
speech is it? 2. What is a lunar eclipse? 3. Find two
English verbs derived from specto with a syllable placed
before -spect-. 4. What is a constellationf
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Change the verbs of the first two sentences in paragraph 3, section
72, to the singular number. 2. Change the verb of the second sentence
of paragraph 5, section 72, to the plural number, making such other
changes as are necessary. 3. Decline together magna stella.
LESSON XII
FIRST CONJUGATION
THE VERB PORTO
76. The forms of porto, I carry, when referring to present
time and representing the subject as doing the act expressed
by the verb are as f ollows :
Singular Plural
Ist person porto, I carry portamus, we carry
2d person portas, you carry portatis, you carry
3d person portat he, she, it carries portant, they carry
a. The forms given above may also be translated I
am carrying, you are carrying, he is carrying, etc. Latin
has no means of distinguishing between such expressions
as I carry and 2″ am carrying, he praises and he is praising,
they walk and they are walking.
b. To conjugate a verb means to give its different
forms in regular order, as above.
31
THE FIRST CONJUGATION
77. The verb porto is said to be of the first conjugation. The
infinitive meaning to carry is portare. All verbs which have
the infinitive ending -are are of the first conjugation and are
conjugated like porto. These verbs have as a characteristic
element the vowel a, which becomes short before the endings
-t and -nt.
a. The verbs amo, laudo, ambulo, propero, specto,
laboro, and sto, which appear in this or the preceding
lessons, are of the first conjugation. In the vocabularies
hereafter the infinitive ending -are will be given after
the first form of a new verb of the first conjugation.
b. The verb do is of the first conjugation, but it is
irregular in that it has the vowel a short where it would
be long in porto and other verbs of the first conjugation,
except in a very few forms. The infinitive is dare.
PERSONAL ENDINGS
78. With a verb denoting an act done by the subject the
following are the personal endings which are used to show
person and number, together with their meanings.
Singular Plural
-6, I -mus, we
-s, you (singular) -tis, you (plural)
-t, he, she, it -nt, they
READING EXERCISE
79. 1. Schola nostra est schola bona. Scholam nostram
laudamus et amamus.
THE INFINITIVE
(21) A verb form preceded by to is often used to refer to an act without
saying that it really took place. The expressions to walk, to have heard,
to be seen, are of this kind. These forms of the verb with to are called
infinitives.
32
Scholam laudatis, sed in schola non bene laboratis. Soror
mea scholam laudat et in schola bene laborat. Soror mea est
puella impigra.
2. Cur hic statis?
Hic stamus quod flliam tuam expectamus. Ubi fllia tua est?
Filia mea nunc in schola est.
3. Vesperl saepe in vils ambulo. Amici quoque ibi am-
bulant. Nautas saepe videmus cum in viis ambulamus.
Nautae quoque in viis vesperl ambulant.
4. Janua est aperta, et Corneliam in casa video. Cor-
nelia agricolam expectat. Agricola epistulam portat. Agricola
epistulam Corneliae dat.
80. VOCABULARY
cum, when porto, -are, carry
hic, here sto, stare, stand
impigra, energetic, industrious ubi, where, when
janua, -ae, f., door vesperi, in the evening
laboro, -are, work
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
81. 1. Puellae saepe in vils vesperi ambula — . 2. Cur
agricola ex silv — propera — ? 3. Epistulas tuas nunc ex-
pecta — (subjed “we”). 4. Ciir mater mea mihi donum non
da — ? 5. Mater tua tibi donum non da — quod non bene
labora — (subject “you” singular).
ENGLISH DERTVATIVES FROM LATIN
82. 1. What do you suppose was originally the duty of
a porterf 2. What connection in meaning can you see be-
tween sto and station? 3. At what time of day are vesper
services held?
33
SUGGESTED DRILL
Give English meanings f or the f ollowing :
1 . Ambulamus ; properamus. 2. Specto ; spectat ; spectamus. 3. Laboras ;
spectas. 4. Amare; stare; spectare. 5. Properant; properas; propero.
6. Laborat; laboratis; laborant. 7. Sunt; stant; sum, sto. 8. Ambulatis;
ambulat; ambulare. 9. Do; dat; dant.
LESSON XIII
SECOND DECLENSION
DECLENSION OF TEMPLUM
83. The different case forms of the noun templum, a temple,
are as follows:
Singular
Nom. templum, d temple (as subject)
Gen. templi, of a temple
Dat. templo, to a temple, temple (as indirect object)
Acc. templum, a temple (as direct object)
Abl. templo, (from, with, in) a temple
Plural
Nom. templa, temples (as subject)
Gen. templorum, of temples
Dat. templls, to temples, temples (as indirect object)
Acc. templa, temples (as direct object)
Abl. templis (from, with, in) temples
a. To decline a noun (or adjective) means to give its
different case forms in regular order.
the second declension
84. Nouns with the genitive singular ending in -I are of
the second declension. The second declension nouns are not
all alike in the nominative. Some have the nominative ending
in -um, others in -us, and others in -er. Those ending in -um
are declined like templum.
34
GENDER IN THE FIRST DECLENSION
85. Most first declension nouns are feminine, even though
we should expect many of them to be neuter from their mean-
ings. Those denoting males, however, are masculine. Thus,
agricola, incola, nauta, and poeta are masculine. All other
nouns of this declension which have been given are feminine.
GENDER OF NOUNS IN -UM
86. All nouns ending in -um in the nominative singular
are of the neuter gender.
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES IN GENDER
87. The adjectives which have been given with the ending
-a have also a neuter form in -um, declined like templum.
An adjective agrees with its noun in gender as well as in
case and number. Thus we say parva puella, a small girl,
but parvum templum, a small temple.
READING EXERCISE
88. 1. Tectum in magno oppido habeo, sed oppidum non
amo. Mater mea casam in silva habet, et aestate in casa
habito. Soror mea quoque in casa aestate habitat.
2. Tectum tuum in oppido saepe video. Tectum magnum
est sed non pulchrum. Casa in silva est pulchra.
GENDER
(22) We use the pronoun he when we are referring to a man or boy or
a male animal, the pronoun she when we are referring to a woman or girl
or a female animal, and the pronoun it when we are referring to something
without sex. Thus when we are speaking of a boy we may say He is a
stranger, when speaking of a girl we may say She is not at home, and when
speaking of a book we say It is mine. This distinction in pronouns is
called gender.
Such words as he are in the masculine gender, such words as she are in
the feminine gender, and such words as it are in the neuter gender.
Nouns also are said to have gender. Thus, brother is masculine, sister
is feminine, and house is neuter.
a. A word like friend which may ref er to either a man or a woman
is sometimes said to be in the common gender.
‘ 35
3. Poeta magnum tabernaculum in Insula habet. Ex casa
nostra tabernaculum poetae videmus. Poeta est arnicus agri-
colae. Tectum agricolae quoque in Insula est. Agricolam
et poetam saepe videmus cum in Insula sumus.
4. Oppida patriae nostrae laudas. Soror tua oppida
Italiae saepe laudat, sed in oppidls Italiae non diu manet.
Nunc in parvo oppido Hispaniae est. Multa oppida Hispaniae
et Italiae sunt pulchra.
5. Quid (direct objed) mater tua tibi dat? Mater mea mihi
praemium dat, quod ex via propero. Soror mea quoque
praemium habet, quod impigra est.
89. VOCABULARY
aestate, in summer oppidum, -I, n., town
diu, long, for a long time praemium, -I, n., reward
habeo, I have quid, what?
habito, -are, live tabernaculum, -I, n., tent
manet, remains tectum, -I, n., house
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
90. 1. Magn — oppid — (towri) non laudas. 2. Oppid —
(the towns) Italiae saepe laudamus. 3. Tabernacul — (a tent)
in silva video. 4. Cornelia mihi magn — praemi — (reward)
dat. 5. Soror mea in oppid — (the towri) aestate non manet.
ENGLISH DERTVATIVES FROM LATIN
91. 1. What is a habitation? 2. What was the original
meaning of tabernaclet 3. What is a premium?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Decline together parvum oppidum. 2. Decline together ddnum
meum. 3. Name the case of each noun in the sentences of paragraph 3,
section 88.
36
LESSON XIV
SECOND DECLENSION (Continued)
DECLENSION OF AMWUS
92. The noun amlcus is of the second declension, and is
declined as follows:
Singular
Nom. amlcus, afriend (as subject)
Gen. amlcl, of a friend
Dat. amlco, to afriend, afriend (as indirect object)
Acc. amicum, afriend (as direct object)
Abl. amlco (from, with, in) a friend
Plural
Nom. amicl, friends (as subject)
Gen. amlcorum, of friends
Dat. amicis, to friends, friends (as indirect object)
Acc. amlcos, friends (as direct object)
Abl. amlcls (from, with, in) friends
a. Nouns of the second declension ending in -us are
chiefly masculine.
ADJECTIVES IN -US
93. Such adjectives as bona and magna have a masculine
form ending in -us in the nominative, with the other case
endings like those of the noun amicus.
READING EXERCISE: FlLIUS ET FILIA AGRICOLAE
94. 1. Agricola fllium et filiam habet. Filius agricolae
doml manet, sed fllia in schola hieme est, et tum in oppido
cum amlco benigno agricolae habitat. Agricola oppidum non
amat, et flliam hieme non saepe videt. Aestate puella domi
manet. Agricola equos habet, et flliae equum bonum dat.
Filia equos non timet, et laeta est quod equum bonum habet.
37
Mater puellae laeta est cum filia doml est. Fllius agricolae
nullos amlcos in oppido habet.
2. Tectum amlci agricolae in nostro oppido est. Ex
fenestra mea tectum amlcl agricolae video. Ibi fllia agricolae
hieme habitat. Amlcus agricolae parvum fllium habet, sed
nullas fllias habet.
95. VOCABULARY
domi, at home nullus, no, none
equus, -I, m., horse timet, fears
fflius, 1 -I, m., son tum, then
hieme, in winter videt, sees
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
96. 1. Amlcus meus equ — (horse) bon — habet. 2. Flli —
(the son) nautae poeta est. 3. Fili — (the son) nautae epistu-
lam do. 4. CorneUa flli — (a daughter) habet, sed niill —
flli — (sons) habet. 5. Casa amlc — poetae in oppid — est.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
97. 1. What is an equestrian statue? 2. From a con-
sideration of fflius and filia, what do you think is meant by
filial respect? 3. What is the meaning of nullify?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the nominative singular and plural of all the first and second
declension nouns in paragraph 1, section 94. 2. Give the accusative
singular and plural of all the first and second declension nouns in para-
graph 2, section 94. 3. Decline equus.
1 The genitive of this word is oommonly fili (contracted from fflii). The uncontraeted
form, however, is used in the exercises of this book.
38
39
LESSON XV
SECOND DECLENSION (Continued)
DECLENSION OF PUER AND AGER
98. The nouns puer, boy, and ager, field, of the second
declension, are declined as follows:
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Nom.
puer
pueri
ager
agrl
Gen.
pueii
puerorum
agrl
agrorum
Dat.
puero
puerls
agro
agris
Acc.
puerum
pueros
agrum
agros
Abl.
puero
pueris
agro
agrls