Environmental Science Study Guide
CHAPTER #1
- P7 What is a habitat? Place where animal lives and gets everything needs to surviv
- P10 All the living and nonliving things that interact in a particular area make up an _ecosystem_______.
- P7 What are biotic factors? Living things like plants, trees, animals, fungus , bacteria
- P8 List four abiotic factors found in an ecosystem. Soil, air , water , rocks, sunlight, temperature
- P9 List the levels of ecological organization beginning with the smallest.
____organism _____ ____ population___ ____community_____ _ecosystem_____
- P10 What is ecology? The study of the environment and how it can be affected
- P18 If there are 50 butterflies in a 10 square meter area, what is the population density? (How many butterflies per square meter?) 50/10 = 5 butterflies per square meter
8. P14 List four methods used to determine the size of a population and describe each. Direct observation, indirect observation, sampling, mark and re-capture
- P16 Name some ways populations can change in size. Immigration, emigration, deaths, births, disease , predators, lack of food etc
P18 List 3 limiting factors to an ecosystem. ___space______ __no food__ ___climate____
- P19 The largest population that an environment can support is called its ____Carrying Capacity_____.
- P25 What is natural selection? Survival of the fittest
- P25 What is an adaptation? Anything that help an organism SURVIVE…camoflage, speed, teeth,FUR
- P26 – 30 List the three major types of interactions among organisms and describe each.
Competition- struggle to survive in a environment with limited resources(not enough to go around)
Predation- When an animal is killed for food
Symbiosis- a relationship between 2 organisms where at least 1 species benefits
- P30 This is the type of symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed.
Commensalism
- P30 This is the type of symbiosis where both species benefits. ___Mutualism_______________
- P31 This is the type of symbiosis where one species benefits and the other is harmed. ___Parasitism___
CHAPTER#2
17. p43 What is a producer, consumer, decomposer? P= makes energy , C = uses energy , D= breaks down
- P 44This is a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy. Food chain or Web
- Draw a prairie ecosystem food chain. Clover ….rabbit…….snake……hawk
19. Look at the diagram on page 45 in your textbook, find one of each of the following . . .
Producer ___________ 1st Level Consumer _________________ 2nd Level Consumer _____________
- P46 Where is most of the energy found in an energy pyramid? BOTTOM
- P47 How much energy is moved from one level to another? 10 % , 50% , 90% ——————
- P55 List three ways seeds can disperse. __wind____ ___water__ ___other living things__________
- P55 The slow motion of the continents is called _____Continental Drift_______________________.
- P56 What are three factors that limit dispersal? ____climate_ _physical barriers__ _competition_
- P58-66 Describe each land (terrestrial) biome, include rainfall, temperature, and distinguishing characteristics
Rain Forest – lots rain, grow season all year, hot , humid, O2 producer, co2 absorb, High Biodiversity
Desert – dry, hot, low biodiversity, plants and animals need special adaptations to live
Grassland – most common biome, dry/wet seasons
Deciduous Forest – forests lose leaves annually
Boreal Forest – cold, wet , lots of snow hard winters, all coniferous trees (Christmas trees)
Tundra — plants and animals need special adaptations to live, cold, dry, permafrost
Describe each of the water (aquatic) ecosystems.
Freshwater – rivers, ponds, streams, lakes….algae main producers
Marine – oceans, saltwater adaptations, different levels of light….plankton and algae main producers
CHAPTER#3
- List the three main types of environmental issues and describe each.
Developer – $$$ over environment….oil company execs…ONCE-LER
Conservationist- in between…tries to get parties to agree or compromise
Preservationist- Environment comes first! Tree huggers….national parks
- P83 Describe each of the following natural resources and give 3 examples of each.
Renewable energy- CAN BE RE-USED OVER and over ex. Wind , solar , water, trees
Non-Renewable energy- CANNOT BE RE-USED ex. Oil, Coal , Natural Gas
- P95 What is biodiversity? # of different species in an area…high Rain forest/ low desert
- P98 What are the factors that affect biodiversity? Climate
- P96Why is biodiversity important? New medicines , habitat for animals/plants, Oxygen production
- P100-101 List the 3 ways that organisms can be listed when their populations are decreasing.
Extinct= Gone forever Endangered = soon could be gone Threatened= soon could be endangered
- P102 What are four causes of extinction?
Habitat Destruction, Poaching, Pollution, Habitat Fragmentation
- P104 What are three ways that people are protecting biodiversity?
Captive Breeding programs, Habitat Preservation , Laws and SPECIES PROTECTION
BACTERIA TO PLANTS
CRT Review
1. The most abundant chemical in cells is ______WATER___________________.
2. What is the process of becoming larger? ___________GROWTH__________________
3. The process of becoming more complex is called?_______ DEVELOPMENT__________________
4. ________AUTOTROPH______________ are organisms that can make their own food.
They get their energy from the ____SUNLIGHT_______________.
5. _______HETEROTROPH____________________ are organisms that cannot make their own food and consume other organisms for energy.
6. The ability to produce offspring is called ____REPRODUCTION_____________________________.
7. People used to think frogs came from mud. We know this is false because of what 2 scientists?
___________LOUIS PASTEUR_____________________ and ______FRANSISCO REDI_________________________
8. The idea that life comes from non-life is _______________SPONTANIOUS GENERATION________ _______________________
9. What type of experiment did Redi and Pasteur do to prove life comes from life?
______CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTS____
10. What are the four needs of living things? Match each picture to the need.
Energy Water Living space (shelter) Stable internal conditions
11. What are the six characteristics of all living things?
- CELLS_____ 2.ENERGY 3. GROW/DEVELOPMENT 4.REPRODUCE__5.CHEMICALS/WATER_ 6. RESPOND TO STIMULUS
12. Bacteria are prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Why? PROKARYOTES
DNA IS NOT LOCATED IN THE NUCLEUS
13. Draw a diagram of a Plant cell and a Bacteria cell.
14. List 2 kingdoms of organisms that we talked about that contain Multicellular organisms. ____PLANTS____ ____ANIMALS_
15. What kingdom contains only unicellular organisms? ________BACTERIA___________________________
Classification of Living Organisms
1. Match the scientist with his classification discovery.
Carrolus Linnaeus (c) A. Grouped animals into fliers, swimmers, & walkers
Aristotle (a) B. Theory of evolution
Charles Darwin (B) C. Binominal nomenclature
2. What are the eight levels of classification?
DOMAIN , KINGDOM, PHYLUM , CLASS, ORDER , FAMILY , GENUS , SPECIES
3. Which of the 8 levels is the most BROAD? (Hint: includes the most organisms) ___DOMAIN________
4. Which of the 8 levels is the most NARROW? (Hint: includes the least organisms) ___SPECIES_______
5. __________TAXONOMY_________________________ is the scientific study of how things are classified.
6. ________CLASSIFICATON__________ is the process of grouping things based on their similarities.
7. In the scientific name for the oak spider Aculepeira ceropegia, which is the genus name and which is the species name? Genus:______Aculepeira_______________________Species:____ceropegia_________________________
Viruses and Bacteria
1. Why are viruses considered non-living? NEEDS A HOST CELL TO REPRODUCE, DOESN’T USE ENERGY, ETC…
2. Make a Venn diagram that shows the differences and similarities between a virus and a bacteria
Virus Bacteria
3. Circle the kingdoms are viruses able to infect.
Plants , Animals , Fungi , Bacteria Protists
4. How do we prevent viral infections? ___________VACCINE______________________
5. How do we treat bacterial infections? __________ANTIBIOTICS______________________
6. Bacterial Reproduction. Fill in the chart below.
| Asexual Reproduction | Sexual Reproduction | |
| Type | BINARY FISSION | CONJUGATION |
| Definition | _____1______ Parent(s) | ______2_____ Parent(s) |
7. Give three ways that bacteria benefit us. 1. DIGEST FOOD 2. MEDICINES 3. FOODS
8. What is an organism that lives on another living thing? ______PARASITE____________________
9. Where does this organism get its energy? __________HOST_____________________
10. Draw the three shapes of bacteria. ROUND ROD SHAPED SPIRAL
11. Bacteria are nature’s recyclers, they are organisms that break down and return non-living things to the environment. They are called _________DECOMPOSERS_________________________________
Plant Structure
1. What are some characteristics of plants? __MULTICELLULAR___ ____EUKARYOTE_________ ____AUTOTROPH______
2. The process by which plants make their own food is called ____PHOTOSYNTHESIS___________
3. Plant cells have large sack-like organs that store water and nutrients called ____VACUOLE________________
5. How do plants get water and nutrients? FROM THE ROOTS___________
6. How do plants keep their water? _____Waxy waterproof layer called CUTICLE___________________
7. In what part of the plant does photosynthesis take place? ______LEAVES_____________________
8. Inside the plant cell where does photosynthesis take place? _______CHLOROPLASTS________________
Plant Function
PLANTS REPRODUCE SEXUALLY!…they produce gametes which are eggs and sperm (pollen)
1. Circle the letter of the name of a fertilized egg. a. Spore b. gamete c. pollen d. zygote
2. A shirt looks blue because the blue light is __________________________ ( reflected or absorbed )
3. Light is absorbed by _____Chlorophyll_________________ which is a pigment found in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
4. The formula for photosynthesis: ___WATER_________ + ____CO2__________ —-sunlight OXYGEN_____ + ___SUGAR_________
5. What are some ways seeds are dispersed or spread? _______________WIND_________ _______ANIMALS__________
Animal Behavior
1. ___ANIMAL BEHAVIORS___________ are all of the actions that an animal performs, such as the things it does to get food, avoid predators, or find a mate.
2. An instinct is an ___AUTOMATIC_______________ behavior and doesn’t need to be learned.
4. Your pet come running and sits when I say the word “crunchies,” what type of learning did it use to know crunchies means food? _______CONDITIONING___________________________
5. Newly born birds and mammals learn to recognize and follow the first moving object they see. This is called __________IMPRINTING______________________________
6. When dogs pee on every other lamp post, bush, etc they are marking their ____TERRITORY__________________
7. Why is territory important? ___IMPORTANT RESOURCES SUCH AS MATES, FOOD, AREA, WATER________________________
8. List four ways in which animals communicate with each other.
_____SMELLS________________ _____SOUNDS_______________ ___TOUCHES________________ _____BODY MOVEMENT_______________
CHEMICAL BUILDING BLOCKS
CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM
Hardness, boiling point, melting point, density
What are examples Physical and Chemical properties?
Physical- states of matter, flexibility, color, freezing, boiling etc
Chemical- flammability, ability to react or change into a new substance
Describe elements and compounds.
- What is an element?
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by any chemical means.
- What is a compound?
A pure substance formed from chemical combinations of two or more different elements
Explain the difference between mass and weight.
- What is the difference between mass and weight?
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Weight is a measure of the force of gravity on the matter it contains. An object’s weight will change if you move it from Earth to the moon or to other planets, but its mass will stay the same.
Measure mass and volume; calculate density.
- What piece of scientific equipment do you use in this class to find mass? How do you use it?
Triple-beam balance – First you place the object on the weight pan. Next you move the 100’s mass until it drops to the bottom and move it back one notch. Then you move the 10’s mass until it drops to the bottom and move it back one notch. Finally you move the 1’s mass until the balance is on the 0. Then add your 100’s number, 10’s number, and 1’s number up. That is your mass in grams.
- What piece of scientific equipment do you use to find the volume of a regular shaped object? What is the equation for volume of a regular shaped object?
Ruler – you will need to measure the objects length, width, and height in centimeters
Length X Width X Height = Volume Units are CM3 !
L X W X H = Volume
- What piece of scientific equipment do you use to find the volume of an irregular shaped object? How do you find the volume?
Graduated cylinder – Place water in the graduated cylinder. Then record the amount of water in the cylinder. Add the irregular shaped object. Then record the volume of the water with the object in it. Subtract the amount of water and object by the amount of water you started with. That is the volume of the irregular shaped object in milliliters.
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Remember 1 mL = 1 cm3
7.What is the equation for density? What labels do you use when you have found the density of matter?
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Density = Mass divided by Volume
Density =
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You are given a cube with the mass of 20 grams. It has a volume of 5 cm3. What is the cubes density?
Density = = = 4 g/cm
Investigate and understand phases of matter.
Define and differentiate solids, liquids, and gases.
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Definition of a solid.
state of matter that has a definite shape and volume
- Definition of a liquid.
state of matter that has a definite volume, but not a
definite shape
- Definition of a gas.
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state of matter that has no definite shape and no definite
volume
Compare the particle motion in solids, liquids and gases.
- Describe the particle motion in a solid. (SLOW and CLOSE TOGETHER )
Because the particles are packed tightly together and stay in fixed positions, a solid has a definite shape and volume. The particles do vibrate back and forth within the solid.
- Describe the particle motion in a liquid. ( FAST and Farther APART)
Because the particles are free to move, a liquid has no definite shape. However, it does have a definite volume.
- Describe the particle motion in a gas. ( EXTREMELY FAST and FAR APART)
Because the particles spread apart, filling all the space available to them. Thus, a gas has neither definite shape nor volume.
Distinguish between physical and chemical changes.
- What is a physical change? Give two examples of physical change.
A physical change alters the form of a substance, but does not change it to another substance.
Examples: boiling water, crumpled piece of paper, crushing a pop can, melting a candle or silver
- What is a chemical change? Give two examples of chemical change.
A chemical change is when one or more substances combine and form a new substance.
Examples: burning paper, baking cookies, sugar changing to caramel
- This is changing from a solid to a liquid. ___melting________________
- This is changing from a liquid to a solid. _freezing__________________
- This is changing from a gas to a liquid. __condensation_________________
- This is changing from a liquid to a gas. __vaporization_________________
- This is the vaporization occurring at the surface of a liquid. ____evaporation_____________
- This is the vaporization that occurs throughout a liquid. ____boiling__________________
- This is changing from a solid to a gas. ____sublimation_____________________
Explain how energy is involved in changes of matter.
- What is thermal energy?
Movement of particles
- What is chemical energy?
Energy for chemical bonds ( MATCHES )
Compare and contrast the physical and chemical properties of metals, nonmetals and metalloids.
List 5 characteristics of metals.
Shininess(LUSTER), hardness, malleability, ductility, good conductor, magnetic
LEFT OF THE ZIG ZAG OR STAIRSTEP
- List 4 characteristics of nonmetals.
Brittle, dull, poor conductors, not very dense, not malleable, not ductile
RIGHT of ZIG ZAG
- How do you describe a metalloid?
They have characteristics of both metals and nonmetals. Located on the ZIG ZAG
- Where are the metals located on the Periodic Table of Elements?
Left side of the Periodic Table of Elements, LEFT OF ZIG ZAG
- What information do you find on the Periodic Table of Elements?
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Atomic Number = The number of PROTONS in the nucleus of one atom
Atomic Mass = The number of PROTONS and NEUTRONS in the nucleus of one atom
INSIDE EARTH
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What is a geologist
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The force that shape the surface by building up mountains and landmasses is a _____________________________.
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The force that slowly wear away mountains and every other feature on the surface is a _____________________________.
- What happens to the temperature and pressure as you go deeper towards the center of Earth?
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- Basalt is a dark, dense rock with a fine texture found in __________________ crust.Oceanic
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- _________________ is a large crystal, light colored rock found in continental crust.
Chapter 1 Section 2 Convection Currents and the Mantle
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The movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is known as ___________________________.
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| Conduction |
The three types of heat transfer are _________________________, ___________________________, and ______________________________.
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- _______________________ is the transfer of energy through empty space.
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- __________________________ is heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter.
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- __________________________ is heat transfer by the movement of a heated fluid.
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- The heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in the fluid’s ________________, and the force of gravity combine to set convection currents in motion.
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- Convection currents flow in the ________________________ of the earth.
Chapter 1 Section 3 Drifting Continents
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- Alfred _____________________ is the German scientist who formed the theory of continental drift.
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Wegener’s hypothesis was that all the continents had once been joined together in a ___________________________ and have since drifted apart.
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- The name of Wegener’s supercontinent is _________________________.
- List the three evidences of continental drift . . .
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Evidence of ____________________________
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Evidence of ____________________________
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Evidence of ___________________________
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Unfortunately, Wegener could not provide a satisfactory explanation for the force that ________________________________ the continents.
Chapter 1 Section 4 Sea-Floor Spreading
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- _____________________ is a device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects and then records the echoes of these sound waves.
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- At the _________________________, molten material rises from the mantle and erupts. The molten material then spreads out, pushing older rock to both sides of the ridge.
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The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is known as ____________________________________.
- Label the diagram with the following words: mid-ocean ridge, subduction zone, deep-ocean trench, asthenosphere, lithosphere, continental crust, and oceanic crust
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The process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath the deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle is ___________________________.
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- The subduction of the oceanic plate creates or occurs at a _____________________.
Chapter 1 Section 5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
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- The theory of _____________________________________ explains the formation, movement, and subduction of Earth’s plates.
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Plate boundaries that slip past each other in opposite directions are known as _______________________ boundaries.
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- Plate boundaries that move apart are known as ______________________ boundaries.
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- Divergent boundaries form this landform: _____________________________.
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- Plate boundaries that come together are known as ______________________.
Chapter 2 Section 2 Measuring Earthquakes
32. The ______Focus_______ is the point beneath Earth’s surface where rock that is under
stress breaks, triggering an earthquake.
33. The point on the surface directly above the focus is called the ____Epicenter_____.
34. _____________Seismic Waves______________ carry the energy of an earthquake away from the
focus, through Earth’s interior, and across the surface.
35. List the three categories of seismic waves / draw a diagram that represents their movement
” ____P-Waves_________
” __S-Waves________
” _Surface Waves_______
36. A _________Seismometer or Siesmograph________________ records the ground movements caused by seismic waves as they move through the Earth.
Chapter 3 Section 1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
37. One major volcanic belt is the ______Ring of Fire__________________, formed by the
many volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean.
38. ____Island Arc_______ volcanoes occur along converging plate boundaries, such as the mid-ocean ridge, or in subduction zones around the edges of oceans.
39. Hawaii is an example of a _____Hot Spot_or Shield_____________ volcano.
Chapter 3 Section 3 Volcanic Landforms
Volcanic activity is responsible for building up much of Earth’s surface. Lava from volcanoes
cools and hardens into three types of mountains. They are …
40. A _______Shield_______ volcano is a volcano with repeated lava flows during quiet
eruptions that gradually build up a broad, gently sloping volcanic mountain.
41. A ________Cinder Cone___________ volcano is a volcano that is created when cinders erupt
explosively from a volcanic vent and pile up around the vent, forming a cone-shaped
44. A _________Composite__________ volcano is a volcano that is created from layers of lava that
alternate with layers of ash, cinders, and bombs. This volcano has both quiet and
explosive eruptions.
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