Meal Links
Calendar
| M | T | W | T | F | S | S |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| « Nov | ||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
| 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 |
| 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | ||
Educational Vision
My vision of the future is no longer of people taking exams and proceeding on to that certification … , but of individuals passing from one stage of independence to a higher one by means of their activity through their own effort of will, which constitutes the inner evolution of the individual.
Dr. Maria Montessori (1870-1952)
Posted in Latin for Children.
– May 4, 2011
Children’s Books in the Latin Language
1. Andersen, Hans Christian. VESTES NOVAE IMPERATORIS. Translated by Frederick Landis. Miami: American Classical League, 1969.
2. Anglund, Joan Walsh. AMOR EST SENSUS QUIDAM PECULIARIS. Translated by G.M. Lyne. London: Collins & New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. ISBN: 0152032312.
3. Barocas, Victor and Susan Schearer (eds.). FAIRY TALES IN LATIN: FABULAE MIRABILES. New York: Hippocrene, 1999; 2nd printing, 2001. ISBN: 0781807875.
4. Baum, L. Frank. THE CLASSICAL WIZARD / MAGUS MIRABILIS IN OZ. Translated by C.J. Hinke and George Van Buren. Berkeley and London: Scolar Press, 1987. ISBN: 0859677230.
5. Beach, Goodwin B. PETRUS SCLOPETARIUS ALIAEQUE FABELLAE IUCUNDAE. Hartford: Hartford Seminary Foundation Bookstore, 1959.
6. Blyton, Enid. NUTICULUS SATYRIQUE. Translated by Elizabeth Brice. New York: Penguin, 1993.
7. Bolchazy, Marie Carducci. HOW MANY ANIMALS? QUOT ANIMALIA? Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2002. ISBN: 0865165408.
8. WHAT WILL I EAT? QUID EDAM? Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2002. ISBN: 0865165424.
9. WHAT COLOR IS IT? QUO COLORE EST? Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2003. ISBN: 0865165394.
10. WHO LOVES ME? QUIS ME AMAT? Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2003. ISBN: 0865165414.
11. Bond, Michael. URSUS NOMINE PADDINGTON. Translated by Petrus Needham. London: Duckworth, 1999. ISBN: 0715629263.
12. Browne, Dik. HAEGAR TERRIBILIS: MILES SINE TIMORE VITIISQUE. Translated by Karl Ulrich. Munich: Goldmann, 1986.
13. Busch, Guilelmus. MAXIMILIANUS ATQUE MAURITIUS: PUERORUM FACINORA SCURRILIA SEPTEM FABELLIS QUARUM MATERIAM REPPERIT. Translated by Ervinus Steindl Carantanus. Munich: Braun and Schneider, 1925;
14. MAX ET MORITZ. Translated by Dr. G. Merten. Munich: Braun & Schneider, 1932.
15. MAXIMI ET MAURITII MALEFACTA. Translated by Hugone Henerico Paoli. Bern: Franke, 1945.
16. MAX ET MORITZ. Unknown translator, Wurzburg, 1958.
17. MUS ET MOPSUS. Translated by Alexandro Leonardo. 1st ed., privately printed: Rio de Janeiro, 1939; 2nd ed., Zurich: Artemis, 1981. ISBN: 3760840523.
18. MAX UND MORITZ: MAXUS ET MAURITIUS. Trnslated by Franz Schlosser. Stuttgart: Reclam, 1993.
19. FABELLAE PUERILES. Translated by Erwin Steindl [Hugone Henerico Paoli?]. Florence: Le Monnier / Bern: Francke, 1960.
20. PLISH ET PLUM. Translated by Ludovico Benning. Munich/Zurich: Artemis, 1976.
21. SCHNURREN UND SCHNAKEN AUF LATEIN: CARMINA IOCOSA ET SERIA. Translated by Jurgen Behrens. Warendorf: Schnell Buch & Druck, 2003.
22. Carroll, Ludovicus. JABBERWOCKY. GABBERBOCCHUS. Translated by Hassard Dodgson, 1899. IUBAVOCUS, in MORE ENGLISH RHYMES WITH LATIN RENDERINGS. Translated by Huberti Watson, 1937. TAETRAFEROCIAS ET GABROBOCCHIA, in ALICIAE PER SECULUM TRANSITUS, 1968. IABERVOGAS. Translated by Georgii Strugnell, c.1970. MORS IABROCHII. Translated by Augusti Vansittart, 1972. http://wapedia.mobi/la/Jabberwocky
23. THE HUNTING OF THE SNARK. Translated by Robert Percival Brinton, London: Macmillan, 1934. Translated by Hubert Digby Watson, Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1936.
24. ALICIA IN TERRA MIRABILI. Translated by Clive Harcourt Carruthers. New York: St. Martin’s, 1964. ISBN: 0333026985.
25. ALICIA IN TERRA MIRABILI. Translated by Clive Harcourt Carruthers. First six chapters. http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0697.HTM.
26. ALICIAE PER SPECULUM TRANSITUS. Translated by Clive Harcourt Carruthers. London: St. Martin’s/Macmillan, 1966. ASIN: B000B75M4Q.
27. Collodi, Carlo. PINOCULUS. Translated by Enrico Maffacini. 1st ed., Florence: Marzocco, 1951; 2nd ed., NewYork: S.F. Vanni, 1953; 3rd ed., Florence: Marzocco, 1984.
28. PINOCULUS LATINUS. Translated by Ugo Enrico Paoli. 1st ed., Florence: Le Monnier, 1962; 2nd ed., Florence: Le Monnier, 1969; 3rd ed., Zurich: Artemis, 1982. ISBN: 3760840655.
29. Church, Francis Pharcellus and Virginia O’Hanlon. VERE, VIRGINIA, SANCTUS NICOLAUS EST! Translated by Walter Sauer and Hermann Wiegand. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2001. ISBN: 0865165068.
30. Defoe, Daniel. ROBINSON SECUNDUS. [Joachim Heinrich Campe]. Translated by Philipp Julius Lieberk?hn. 1st ed., Z?llchoviae: Orphantrophei et Frommanni, 1785; 2nd ed., 1789; 3rd ed., 1794; 4th revised ed., 1802; 5th ed., Avignon: Aubanel, 1976; 6th ed., ROBINSON SECUNDUS: ROBINSON IN CHRISTIAN LATIN. Translated by Philippus Julius Liberkuhnio. Seattle: CreateSpace, 2010. ISBN: 1453792872.
31. FATA ROBINSONIS CRUSOEI. [Joachim Henri Campe] Translated by F.J. Goffaux. 1st ed., Paris: J. Farge, 1809; 2nd ed., Paris: San Jacobaea, 1810; 3rd ed., Paris: A. Delalain, 1813; 4th ed., Paris: A. Delalain, 1819; 5th ed., London: George Wilson and Philadelphia: J. Maxwell, 1820; 6th ed., London: George Wilson, 1823; 7th ed., Paris: A. Delalain, 1825; 8th ed., Philadelphia: Tusculanum, 1896; 9th ed., London and New York: Longmans Green, 1907; 10th ed., London: Longmans, 1911; 11th ed., London: Sands, 1927.
32. ROBINSONIUS MINOR. [Joachim Heinrich Campe]. Translated by Iohannus Friedrich Gottlieb Nagel. 1st ed., Helmstadt: Fleckeisenia, 1823; 2nd ed., 1828.
33. REBELII CRUSONIS ANNALIUM, also known as REBILIUS CRUSOE, IN LATIN: A BOOK TO LIGHTEN TEDIUM TO A LEARNER. Translated by Francis William Newman. 1st ed., Traubner, 1884. ASIN: B0008CG8G0 http://www.grexlat.com/biblio/rebilius/gl/index.html; 2nd ed., edited by Brian J. Smith. Seattle: CreateSpace, 2009. ISBN: 1449508251.
34. VITA DISCRIMINAQUE ROBINSONIS CRUSOEI, also known as ROBINSON CRUSAEUS. Translated by Arcadius Avellanus. New York: Prentice, 1928.
35. Dickens, Carolus. CARMEN AD FESTUM NATIVITATIS. Translated by Thomas Cotton. http://www.phaselus.org.uk/CF.html.
36. Disney, Walt. DONALDUS ANAS ATQUE NOX SARACENI. Translated by Carole Egger. Recanati, Italy: European Language Institute, 1984. ISBN: B000GT67RA.
37. MICHAEL MUSCULUS ET LAPIS SAPIENTIAE. Translated by Carole Egger. Recanati, Italy: European Language Institute, 1984. ASIN: B000GT9AKQ.
38. DONALDUS ANAS ET ACTIONES FIDUCIAE. Translated by Carole Egger. Stuttgart: Klett. ISBN: 3126662005.
39. SCRUGULUS ET RADIUS CONTRA PROCELLAM. Translated by Carole Egger. Stuttgart: Klett. ISBN: 3126664008.
40. SCRUGULUS IN RE VERE MIRABILI. Translated by Carole Egger. Stuttgart: Klett, 1984.
41. MICHAEL MUSCULUS ET REGINA AFRICAE. Translated by Carole Egger. Stuttgart: Klett, 1984.
42. Falconer, Ian. OLIVIA: THE ESSENTIAL LATIN EDITION. Translated by Amy High. New York: Atheneum, 2007. ISBN: 1416942181.
43. Gibbs, Laura. AESOP’S FABLES IN LATIN: ANCIENT WIT AND WISDOM FROM THE ANIMAL KINGDOM. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2009. ISBN: 0865166951.
44. Gonzales-Haba, Mercedes. TACITUS CATTUS. Saarbrucken: Societas Latina, 1997.
45. Goscinny, Rene and Albert Uderzo. ASTERIX GALLUS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. Amsterdam/Brussels: Elsevier, 1973. ISBN: 3770400518.
46. ASTERIX FALX AUREA. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., Stuttgart: Delta, 1975. ISBN: 3770400526; 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1994. ISBN: 0828849668.
47. ASTERIX APUD GOTHOS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., Stuttgart: Delta, 1976; 2nd ed., 1992. ISBN: 3770400593; 3rd ed., 1995. ISBN: 3770400534.
48. ASTERIX GLADIATOR. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., London: Egmont, 1978. ISBN: 3770400542; 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1990. ISBN: 0828849439.
49. ASTERIX ITER GALLICUM. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., 1978. ISBN: 3770400550; 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1981. ISBN: 082884948X.
50. ASTERIX ET CLEOPATRA. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. New York: French and European, 1980. ISBN: 0686562003.
51. ASTERIX CERTAMEN PRINCIPUM. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785910271; 2nd. ed. Stuttgart: Delta, 1996. ISBN: 3770400577.
52. ASTERIX APUD BRITTANOS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 3770400534.
53. ASTERIX ET NORMANNI. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. Berlin: Egmont Ehapa, 2001. ISBN: 3770400615 and ISBN: 078591031X.
54. ASTERIX LEGIONARIUS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. Stuttgart: Delta, 1990. ISBN: 3770400631.
55. CLIPEUS ARVERNUS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., Stuttgart: Delta, 1990. ISBN: 377040064X; 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785910778.
56. ASTERIX OLYMPIUS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., Stuttgart: Delta, 1990. ISBN: 3770400658. 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785909591.
57. ASTERIX ATQUE OLLA CYPRIA. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785910336; 2nd ed., Stuttgart: Delta, 1996. ISBN: 3770400666.
58. ASTERIX IN HISPANIA. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. Paris: Dargaud, [year?]. ISBN: 2205038834; 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785910344.
59. TUMULTUS DE ASTERIGE. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., Stuttgart: Delta, 1990. ISBN: 3770400690; 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785910360.
60. ASTERIX APUD HELVETIOS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. Berlin: Egmont Ehapa, 2005. ISBN: 3770400828.
61. ASTERIX FOSSA ALTA. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., Berlin: Egmont Ehapa, 1981. ISBN: 3770400585; 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 078591028X.
62. ODYSSEA ASTERIGIS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., Stuttgart: Delta, 1983. ISBN: 3770400607; 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 078591076X.
63. FILIUS ASTERIGIS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785910328.
64. ASTERIX ORIENTALIS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., Stuttgart: Delta, 1988. ISBN: 3770400682; 2nd ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785910352.
65. ASTERIX ET MAESTRIA. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785910255; Stuttgart: Delta, 1992. ISBN: 3770400704.
66. NAVIS ACTUARIA OBELIGIS. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. 1st ed., New York: French and European, 1992. ISBN: 0785910409; 2nd ed., Stuttgart: Delta, 1998. ISBN: 3770400798.
67. ASTERIX ET LATRAVIATA. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. Stuttgart: Delta, 2002. ISBN: 377040081X.
68. CAELUM IN CAPUT EJUS CADIT. Translated by Carolus Rubricastellanus. Stuttgart: Ehapa, 2007.
69. Gotthelf, Jeremias. DE ARANEA NIGRA. Translated by Nicolas Gross. 1st ed., Fundatio Melissa, 1998; 2nd ed., Senden: Leo Latina. ISBN: 2872900145.
70. Greenaway, Kate. MATER ANSERINA: POEMS IN LATIN FOR CHILDREN. Translated by Milena Minkova and Terence Tunberg. Newburyport: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Co., 2006. ISBN: 1585101931.
71. Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm. RUMPELSTULTULUS FABULA. Translated by John W. Fendrick. Oxford: American Classical League, 1978.
72. APOLOGI GRIMMIANI. Translated by Sigrides Albert. Saarbrucken: Societas Latina, 1988.
73. NONNULI APOLOGI GRIMMIANI. Translated by Rochus Habitzky. Ruppichteroth: Canisiuswerk, 2003.
74. FABELLAE PUERILES ET DOMESTICAE A IACOBO ET VILHELMO GRIMM COLLECTAE: FABELLAE 1-5. Translated by Nicolas Gross. Senden: Leo Latinus, 2004. ISBN: 3938905111.
75. FABELLAE PUERILES ET DOMESTICAE A IACOBO ET VILHELMO GRIMM COLLECTAE: FABELLAE 6-20. Translated by Nicolas Gross. Senden: Leo Latinus, 2007.ISBN: 3938905296.
76. Grahame, Kenneth. AUAE INTER SALICES. Translated by Thomaso Cotton. http://www.phaselus.org.uk/AF.html.
77. Herge [Georges Remi]. DE TITINI ET MILULI FACINORIBUS: DE INSULA NIGRA. Translated by Caelestis Eichenseer. Tournai: Casterman, 1987. ISBN: 2203321032.
78. DE TITINI ET MILULI FACINORIBUS: DE SIGARIS PHARAONIS. Translated by Caelestis Eichenseer. Tournai: Casterman, 1990. ISBN: 2203321059.
79. Hoffman, Heinrich. THE LATIN STRUWWELPETER. Translator unknown. London/Glasgow: Blackie & Son, 1934.
80. PETRUS HIRSUTUS. Translated by H.J. Schmidt. Potsdam: Rutten & Loening, 1939.
81. PETRUS HIRSUTUS. Translated by Petro Wiesmann. 1st ed., St. Gallen: Tschudy, 1954; 2nd ed., Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2002
82. PETRULUS HIRRUTUS: DER STRUWWELPETER AUF LATEINISCH. Translated by Eduardus Bornemann. 1st ed., Frankfurt: Rutten & Loenig, 1956; 2nd ed., Mainz: Schott, 1979.
83. PETRUS ERICIUS. Translated by Hugone Henrico Paoli. Florence: Le Monnier, 1960.
84. Hutchinson, Hanna. TRES URSI. Translated by Lea Ann A. Osburn. Cincinnati: Another Language, 1995. ISBN: 0922852383.
85. Kipling, Rudyard, PRORSUS TALITER FABULAE AD DELECTATIONEM PARVULORUM. Translated by Louis Kelly. 1st ed., New York: Hyperion, 1982; 2nd ed., Surbiton: Centaur, 1984. ISBN: 0900269278.
86. Kotzwinkle, William and Glenn Murray. WALTER CANIS INFLATUS. Translated by Rob Dobbin. Berkeley: North Atlantic/Frog, 2004. ISBN: 158394110X.
87. Leaf, Munro. FERDINANDUS TAURUS. Translated by Elizabeth Chamberlain Hadas. 1st ed., New York: David McKay and London: Hamish Hamilton, 1962; 2nd ed., London: Godine, 2000. ISBN: 1567921272,
88. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. CARMEN HIAWATHAE. Translated by Franciscus Gulielmus Newman.
89. Maclaren, Dorothy. ESOPUS HODIE: AESOP TODAY. Oxford: American Classical League, 1985
90. Maier, Robert, et alia. PIPER SALVE: CURSUS VIVAE LATINITAS. Recanati: European Language Institute, 1992. ISBN: 8881483467.
91. Martin, Jacques. ALIX: SPARTICI FILIUS. Translated by Claudius Aziza and Michael Dubrocard. 1st ed., Tournai: Casterman, 1983. ISBN: 2203321016. 2nd ed., Stuttgart: Klett, 1994.
92. Marx, Andre. DIE DREI??? DE TRIBUS INVESTIGATORIBUS ET FATO DRACONIS. Translated by Ulrich Krause. Mettingen: MundusLatinus, 2010. ISBN: 3981389204.
93. Milne, A.A. WINNIE ILLE PU. Translated by Alexander Lenard. 1st ed., Sao Paulo, Brazil: privately printed, 500 copies; 2nd ed., Stockholm: unknown publisher, abridged, 2000 copies; 3rd ed., New York: E.P. Dutton,1960. ASIN: B000GVHEZM and B000H0ZY8Q; 4th ed., New York: E.P. Dutton, with glossary, 1962; 5th ed., Oxford, Ohio: American Classical League, papercover reprint of 1962 edition; 6th ed., New York: E.P. Dutton, 1984. ISBN: 0525242678; 7th ed., 1987, ISBN: 0525483357; 8th ed., Las Vegas: Sagebrush, 1991, ISBN: 0613825179; 9th ed., place unknown: Michelin, 1995; 10th ed., London: Methuen, 2002. ISBN: B000H49LYA.
94. DOMUS ANGULI PUENSIS. Translated by Brian Staples. 1st ed., London: Methuen/Egmont, 1980. ISBN: 0416885500; 2nd ed., London: Egmont, 1995. ISBN: 0416193277; 3rd ed., London: Methuen/Routledge, 1997. ISBN: 0416194907;
95. WINNIE ILLE PU SEMPER LUDET. Translated by Brian Staples. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1998. ISBN: 0525460918.
96. Moore, Clement. BEATA ILLA NOX. Translated by Hermann Wiegand and Walter Sauer. Neckarsteinach: Edition Tintenfass, 2005. ISBN: 3937467130.
97. Moore, Karen. LATIN FOR CHILDREN: LIBELLUS DE HISTORIA. Camp Hill: Classical Academic Press, 2005. ISBN: 1600510043.
98. Nash, Ogden. AVE OGDEN! NASH IN LATIN. Translated by James C. Gleeson and Brian N. Meyer. 1st ed., Boston: Little, Brown, 1973. ISBN: 0316315907; 2nd ed., London: Deutsch, 1975. ISBN: 0233966323.
99. Noe, David C. TRES MURES CAECI. Purcellville: Patrick Henry College, 2005. ISBN: 0971445818.
100. PLAUTUS IN COMICS. By Helmut Oberst. Zurich & Munich: Artemis & Winkler, 1971. IBSN: 3760840493.
101. Potter, Beatricis. FABULA DE PETRO CUNICULO. Translated by E. Peroto Walker. London: Frederick Warne, n.d. [1962]. ISBN: 0723206481.
102. BULA DE JEMIMA ANATE AQUATICA. Translated by Jonathan Musgrave. London: Frederick Warne, 1965.
103. FABULA DE DOMINO IEREMIA PISCATORE. Translated by Ieremia Piscatore. 1st ed., London and New York, 1978; 2nd ed., New York: Viking, 1979. ISBN: 0723221049.
104. Ritchie, Francis. FABULAE FACILES. Seattle: CreateSpace, 2009. ISBN: 1449590284.
105. Rowling, J.K. HARRIUS POTTER ET PHILOSOPHI LAPIS, Translated by Peter Needham. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2003. ISBN: 1582348251.
106. HARRIUS POTTER ET CAMERA SECRETORUM. Translated by Peter Needham. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2006. ISBN: 159990067X.
107. Sagan, Francoise. TRISTITIA SALVE. Translated by Alexander Lenard. Brazil: privately printed, nd; Stuttgart: Deutsche, 1964.ASIN: B0000BN44B.
108. Saint-Exupery, Antonius de. REGULUS VEL PUERI SOLI SAPIUNT. Translated by Augustus Haury and Richard Howard. 1st ed., Paris: Fernand Hazan, 1961
109. _REGULUS. Translated by Augustus Haury. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1985; 2nd ed., New York: Harvest, 1985. ISBN: 0156763001; 3rd ed., New York: Harvest, 2000. ISBN: 0156014041.
110. REGULUS. Translated by Alexander Winkler. Mannheim: Artemis & Winkler, 2010. ISBN: 3538073142.
111. Schulz, Charles M., PEANUTS PHILOSOPHI A CHARLES M. SCHULZ–LINUS DE VITA. Translated by Mario Pei, Kansas City: Hallmark Cards, 1968.
112. MUNDUS SECUNDUM LUCIAM. Translated by Mario Pei. Kansas City: Hallmark Cards, 1968.
113. CAROLINI BROWN SAPIENTIA. Translated by Mario Pei. Kansas City: Hallmark Cards, 1968.
114. PHILOSOPHIA SECUNDUM SNOOPY. Translated by Mario Pei. Kansas City: Hallmark Cards, 1968.
115. INSUPERABILIS SNUPIUS. Stuttgart: Klett, 1984. ISBN: 3126663001.
116. Dr. Seuss [Theodor Seuss Geisel]. O, LOCA TU IBIS. Translated by Leone Roselle. Portland: J. Weston Walch, 1994.
117. QUOMODO INVIDIOSULUS NOMINE GRINCHUS CHRISTI NATALEM. Translated by Jennifer Morrish Tunberg and Terence O. Tunberg. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 1998. ISBN: 0865164207.
118. CATTUS PETASATUS. Translated by Jennifer Morrish Tunberg and Terence O. Tunberg. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2000. ISBN: 0865164711 and 086516472X.
119. VIRENT OVA! VIRET PERNA! Translated by Jennifer Morrish Tunberg and Terence O. Tunberg. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2003. ISBN: 0865165556.
120. Silverstein, Shel. ARBOR ALMA. Translated by Guenevera Tunberg and Terentius Tunberg. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2002. ISBN: 0865164991.
121. Sixtus, Albert. LEPUSCULORUM SCHOLASTIC. Translated by Herimanno Wiegand. Neckarsteinach: Edition Tintenfas, 1st ed., 2007, ISBN: 3937467245; 2nd ed., 2010. ISBN: 3937467573.
122. Smith, Brian J. VOLATUS AD LUNAM. Seattle: CreateSpace, 2010. ISBN: 1451566344.
123. Stevenson, Robertus Ludovicus, CARMINA NON PRIUS AUDITA DE LUDIS ET HORTIS VIRGINIBUS PUERISQUE. Translated by T.R. Glover. 1st printing, Cambridge: Heffer, 1922; 2nd printing, New York: Appleton, 1923.
124. Robertus Ludovicus. INSULA THESAURIA. Translated by Arcadius Avellanus. 1st ed., New York: Prentice,1922. Mount Hope Classics Vol. V. 2nd ed., Seattle: CreateSpace, 2009. ISBN: 1449562671.
125. Strang, Heriberti and Apuleius. FABULAE DIVALES: THE ROSE FAIRY BOOK. Translated by Arcadius Avellanus. 1st ed., Mount Hope Classics Vol. IV. New York: Prentice, 1912; 2nd ed., Seattle: CreateSpace, 2010. ISBN: 1450519717
126. Swoboda, Wenzel Alois. POESOS LATINAE SECIMINA. Prague: Haase, 1832.
127. Travers, P.L. MARIA POPPINA AB A-Z. Translated by G.M. Lyne. London: Collins & New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968. ASIN: B000E17PMG.
128. Treadwell, Harriette Taylor. MUSICI BREMAE ET FABULAE ALTERAE. Translated by Brian John Smith. Seattle: CreateSpace, 2010. ISBN-10: 1456328514.
129. PUER ZINGIBERI PANIS ET FABULAE ALTERAE. Translated by Brian John Smith, Seattle: CreateSpace, 2009. ISBN-10: 1449511023.
130. Twain, Mark [Samuel L. Clemens]. A GHOST STORY. Translated by Alexander George Kozak. Bowdoin Prize. Harvard University, 1996.
131. Watson, Huberti. ENGLISH RHYMES WITH LATIN RENDERINGS. Privately printed, 1937.
132. MORE ENGLISH RHYMES WITH LATIN RENDERINGS.
133. White, E.B., TELA CHARLOTTAE. Translated by Bernice L. Fox. 1st ed. Galesburg, Illinois: Wagoner Printing, 1985, 100 copies; 2nd ed. Galesburg, Illinois: Wagoner Printing, 1986, 500 copies; 3rd ed. New York: Harper 1991. ISBN: 0060264012.
134. Williams, Rose. I AM READING LATIN STORIES: URSUS ET PORCUS, TAURUS REX, OCTAVUS OCTOPUS, RENA RHINOCEROS. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2008. ISBN: 0865167036.
135. TRES PORCULI. Elmhurst: Latin and Language, 2006. ISBN: 0976004658.
Posted in Latin for Children.
– May 2, 2011
The Greek Language
The Greek language is member of the Indo-European family of languages. It is the language of one of the major civilizations of the world and of one of the greatest literatures of all time. Many modern scientific and technical words in English and other Western languages are derived from Greek, and it has been estimated that 12% of the English vocabulary is of Greek origin.
Ancient Greek
By the 16th cent. B.C.E., Greek-speaking people were established in Greece, probably having come as invaders from the north. In antiquity there were a number of dialects of the Greek language, the most important of which were Aeolic, Arcadian, Attic, Cyprian, Doric, and Ionic. Ancient Greek was prevalent in the Balkan peninsula, the Greek islands, W Asia Minor, S. Italy and Sicily. Because of the political and cultural importance of Athens in the classical period of Greek history, the Athenian dialect, Attic, became dominant. From Attic there developed an idiom called the koiné, which means “common” or “common to all the people” and which became a standard form of Ancient Greek.
After Alexander the Great the koiné developed into an international language that remained current in the central and E Mediterranean regions and in parts of Asia Minor and Africa for many centuries. Most of the New Testament was written in the koiné, which helped to gain a wide audience for Christianity. Byzantine Greek, based on the koin_, was the language of the Byzantine or East Roman Empire, which lasted from CE. 395 until it was crushed by the Turks in 1453.
The earliest surviving texts in Ancient Greek are of the 15th cent. B.C.E. and are written in a script known as Linear B, which was deciphered in 1953 by Michael Ventris. Later documents, including inscriptions and literary works, are written in the Greek alphabet, which was derived from the script of the Phoenicians c.9th cent. B.C.E. A variety of the Greek alphabet is still used today for the Greek language.
Modern Greek
Modern Greek stems directly from the Attic koiné and dates from the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. The official language of Greece and one of the official languages of Cyprus, Modern Greek is spoken today by about 12 million people, chiefly in Greece and the Greek islands (10 million speakers), Turkey (600,000), Cyprus (550,000), and the United States (390,000). The Greek language has not changed much in its long history. The differences are largely in pronunciation and vocabulary, but they also include divergences in grammar. Modern Greek, for example, has absorbed a number of loan words from Turkish and Italian, although its vocabulary is essentially that of Ancient Greek.
The spoken form of Modern Greek, however, differed markedly from the written form until recently. The latter, referred to as katharevousa, was used by the government, the schools, and the mass media until the mid-1970s and is much more like Ancient Greek than the spoken form, which is called demotiki; the language of popular speech, has more foreign loan words and a simpler grammar than katharevousa. Although a literature in demotiki developed during the 20th century, it was not until 1976 that it was accepted as the official written Greek language.
Distinctive Characteristics
Both the nouns and verbs of Ancient Greek were highly inflected. Verbs had active, middle, and passive voices; indicative, subjunctive, optative, and imperative moods; singular, dual, and plural numbers; and many tenses. Nouns had three genders (masculine, feminine, and neuter) and five cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative). Unlike Latin, Greek had a word for the definite article. Three accent marks are used in Greek, the acute (´), the grave (`), and the circumflex (~). In Ancient Greek they denoted a pitch accent related to the length of vowels, but in Modern Greek they serve as a stress accent. A symbol known as a rough breathing over an initial vowel represented the h sound in Ancient Greek, while the symbol for a smooth breathing over an initial vowel made clear the absence of aspiration. Though still retained today, the breathing marks no longer indicate pronunciation. In punctuation, the semicolon (;) stands for the question mark, and a raised dot denotes the semicolon and colon.
Posted in Classical Greek.
– May 1, 2011
Literary Dialects
Overview:
• Characteristic to each area where the dialect was spoken
• Culminating in the Homeric dialect (e.g., the Iliad, Odyssey)
• Ionic ‡ dialect of philosophy, prose of the 6th c. BC and of Herodotus
• Attic ‡ drama; in the 5th c. BC ‡ literary prose; by the 4th c. BC widespread
History: From Dialects to Koiné
• Philip II (of Macedonia) ‡ domination of Greece (common peace among all cities and against Persians)
• 336 BC Alexander (the Great) ‡ invasion of Asia
• 326 BC Death of Alexander ‡ Hellenistic period
• Philipp’s court dialect: Attic-Ionic ‡ also dialect for business & administration, widely spoken Greek, incl. non-Greeks
Details: Classification of Greek Dialects Spoken
(during the pre-Hellenic time period)
Group Classification of main dialects: Location where mostly spoken
Arcado-Cypriot
Central Peloponnese and Cyprus
West Greek (original location)
Doric branch in Southern & Eastern parts of the Peloponnese; in Crete; small costal area in Asia Minor, North-West of Peloponnese; North of the gulf of Corinth
Ionic (originally on mainland)
Attic-Ionic (closely related, with Attic spoken in Athens)
Asia Minor (Halicarnassus ‡ Smyrna); Cyclades, Euboea Aeolic
Asia Minor;
Thessaly & Boeotia with Doric elements
Posted in Classical Greek.
– May 1, 2011
PRONUNCIATIONS OF GREEK
It does not appear to be generally known what factors and circumstances led to the so-called “scientific” pronunciation of Greek. All started with a practical joke played on Erasmus by the Swiss scholar Loritus of Glarus. Later, however, Erasmus found out the trick played on him, so he desisted from using the pronunciation he had proposed, but his error finally succeeded in ousting the Greek pronunciation of Greek. This article exposes the evolution of the pronunciation of Greek since the origins of the language.
1. The Problem
On being taught how to pronounce Greek words, the student of New Testament Greek is told that he is learning to pronounce the language not in the Modern Greek fashion, which is a late development, but in the way in which ancient Greeks used to pronounce it. A dichotomy is thus made between ancient and modern pronunciation of Greek, and the student is often given the impression that his pronunciation of Greek would be identical or almost identical with the way the great objects of his study — St. Paul, St. Luke, St. John, etc. — pronounced it, and that it would be identical or very similar to the way the ancient Greeks, like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle sounded it in 5th and 4th century BC Athens. This pronunciation is presented as the scientific pronunciation of Greek in contradistinction to the Modern Greek pronunciation, which is considered to be a departure from it.
An inevitable consequence of the above situation has been widespread, though inaccurate with regard to the pronunciation of ancient and modern Greek, as well as the relation of modern Greek to the Greek of the New Testament. This may be conveniently illustrated by quoting three scholars: One scholar thought that what he called the Modern Greek pronunciation was the pronunciation that the Greeks applied to the Dhimotiki 1. The truth is that pronunciation is related to the letters, not to the form of words or the syntax. Another teacher of Greek thought that the Greeks had changed the pronunciation of certain letters, as for example, they pronounced “p” as “f” and cited as instance the word epta, (= “seven”), which he thought Modern Greeks pronounced as efta2. As a matter of fact, in modern Greek the word for “seven” occurs in two forms: as επτα (epta) and as εφτα (efta), and each of them is pronounced according to its particular spelling. Finally, a third scholar thought that the relation of modern Greek to the Greek of the New Testament was approximately that of Swedish or Norwegian to the Runic. The fact is that there is no truth in this statement.
It does not appear to be generally known what factors and circumstances led to this so-called “scientific” pronunciation of Greek. Those scholars who have worked with the very complex and technical evidence bearing on Greek pronunciation are extremely few. The subject demands not only a thorough knowledge of Greek (preferably in all its periods); the acquaintance with the inscriptions and the papyri, which bear witness to the spelling in ancient times; a good grasp of the historical developments in ancient times with regard to the change of alphabet (the adoption of the Phoenician alphabet) and its consequent accommodations; as well as with the spelling ratification under Eucleides (403-402 B.C.). However, it is not least also a mastery of the Greek rules regarding phonology (the study of the evolution of sounds) and even phonopathy (the pathology of sounds under various grammatical conditions for reasons of euphony, avoidance of hiatus, etc.).
2. The Error of Erasmus
From the introduction of Greek learning to the West in the 13th – 14th century and until the beginning of the 16th century, Greek was universally pronounced in the manner in which Greeks pronounce it today. In 1528 the Humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, who for a time happened to live in Leuven, in the Low Countries, composed a Dialogue in Latin between a bear and a lion3, in which he set forth a novel way of pronouncing Greek, which has since come to be called the Erasmian pronunciation of Greek, or Etacism, and to be regarded by its proponents as the scientific pronunciation of Greek. The incentive to write this book came from a practical joke that was played on Erasmus by the Swiss scholar Henricus (Loritus of Glarus, hence
Glareanus).
Glareanus, who had arrived from Paris, met Erasmus who, being inordinately fond of novelties and credulous, was eager to learn what was latest in the City of Lights; he told him that certain Greek scholars had arrived in Paris who pronounced Greek in a different fashion than the one received in Europe, and proceeded to give him an account of the new pronunciation. There was a verisimilitude in the new suggestions inasmuch as the Greeks gave to several letters the sound of ‘i’. Moreover, Latin transliterated, e.g. the h of the second syllable of εκκλησια with e (i.e. ecclesia ) rather than with i (i.e. ekklisia.), as the h is pronounced by the Greeks 4. In writing this dialogue Erasmus was motivated by an obvious interest in factual truth, and he initiated his novel pronunciation in the belief that it was actually used by Greeks. Not wishing to be anticipated, he immediately composed his Dialogus. Later, however, he found out the trick played on him, so he desisted from using the pronunciation he had concocted, abiding by the received pronunciation (and enjoined his closest friends to do the same), as did also his opponent Johannes Reuchlin and the latter’s nephew Philip Melanchthon as well as Martin Luther. However, the “news” spread like wild fire, and after centuries of struggle with the traditional pronunciation, Erasmus’s error finally succeeded in ousting the Greek pronunciation of Greek and in establishing itself in all countries outside Greece (apart from a few exceptions)5.
This Erasmian pronunciation claims to represent a united system of pronunciation, but this is so only theoretically; in actual practice Greek is pronounced in conformity to German, English, French and so on, according to the mother tongue of the speaker6 (hence in international New Testament conferences there is often a Babel-like experience when trying to figure out which Greek word the speaker was trying to pronounce) — although some Testament scholars still like to assure that their pronunciation of Greek is identical with that of Socrates and Plato. This state of affairs, naturally, robs the Erasmian pronunciation of the right to being called scientific, hence the so-called scientific pronunciation of Greek is nothing but a chaotic democracy of un-Greek pronunciations of Greek, each conceived according to what is deemed natural in the speaker’s own tongue.
3. Historical Circumstances
One may wonder how was the practical joke on Erasmus possible? Why could not the proponents of the new pronunciation check this novelty with the Greeks? Why did the Greeks not protest? What is the explanation for the rise and success of this novelty in pronouncing Greek?
An historical circumstance has not been taken into account: Following its move of its capital from Rome to Constantinople under Constantine, the Roman Empire of New Testament times gradually was transformed into a new Greek Empire, the Byzantine Empire. This Byzantine Empire had a life span of some 1100 years till the 29th of May 1453, when Constantinople was finally taken by the Turks. Although many Greek scholars, at the advance of the Moslems, took their libraries and fled to Italy helping initiate there the Renaissance7, there was now no longer a Greek State which could watch over the fate of the Greek language and its pronunciation. The Greeks were engaged in a life-and-death struggle with the Turks, a struggle that went on for more than 200 years after the fall of Constantinople.
Naturally, then, not only did they lack the means of resisting the new pronunciation, but they were, for the most part, unaware of what was going on in central Europe. The Western Europeans having preached their funeral sermon over Greece, felt now free to dispose of her legacy as seemed fit to them.
The advent of the Greeks in Italy marked the beginning of the new “Western School” of classical studies, which, following the death of its founders, passed on into non-Greek hands. The (historical) grammarian A. Jannaris8 puts the matter pertinently when he says: “The first act of this school, still in its infancy, was to do away with the traditional pronunciation — which reflects perhaps the least changed part of the language — and then to declare Greek a dead tongue”.
This, in brief, is the historical background which made possible the rise and establishment of the Erasmian pronunciation9. Having established it, its advocates proceeded to produce “scientific proofs” for its correctness.
One of its foremost proponents was Friedrich Blass, whose arguments (set forth in a writing of 41 pages, then increased to 109 and again to 140 pages) have often been refuted10. Many scholars, English, Germans, Americans, and Greeks, wrote against the Erasmian pronunciation, and the fight over the pronunciation of Greek — at its hottest in the nineteenth century11 — ended in a stalemate: the Greeks continued to pronounce Greek in the Greek way, while the other camp considered that they had discovered the “authentic” pronunciation of classical antiquity. Curiously enough and self-contradictorily they went on pronouncing Homer, Plato, the New Testament as well as the Church Fathers — all in the same way!
4. The Historical Pronunciation of Greek
While we are now aware that the Erasmian pronunciation does not reflect the ancient Greek pronunciation, it surely helps us to spell Greek correctly. Indeed, the awareness that the Erasmian pronunciation of Greek is inaccurate is now fairly widespread, and a welcome openness is noted in international scholarship.
5. Classical Greek Pronunciation
During its four thousand year long history Greek has not been pronounced uniformly. Written records take us back three and one half millennia. There is no way of establishing how it was pronounced in the second millennium and in the first part of the first millennium B.C. The significant material comes to us in the form of inscriptions from the 7th century B.C. on and papyri a few centuries later. In particular, the material that evinces not the official historical spelling, often found in public inscriptions, but the popular, often uneducated people’s spelling, that tried to reproduce the sounds of the spoken language, is the safest guide to the pronunciation of Greek in antiquity. Careful study of the evidence leads to the following results:
The letters α, ε, ι, κ, λ, μ, ν, ξ, χ, ο, π, ρ, σ, τ, φ, ψ__are not in dispute. They are pronounced by Greeks and Erasmians alike or practically alike. The disputed letters are the consonants β, γ, δ, ζ, θ, the vowels η, υ, ω, the diphthongs, as well as aspiration and accents. The pronunciation of the disputed letters is as follows (the Greek pronunciation is indicated only approximately; as in all other languages the sound quality can be learned only from native speakers):
Letters Greek pronunciation Erasmian pronunciation
β = v = b
γ = gh (as Eng. “yet” with and without the i-sound
heard between the y and the e.) = g
δ = dh (as th in Eng. “then”) = d
ζ = z (as z in Eng. “zebra”) = dz or ts
θ = th (as th in Eng. “thin”) = t
η = i = e (as in Germ. or Swed. ä)
υ = i = u or y
ω = o (as in Eng. “for”) = o (long)
αι = e (as in Germ. or Swed. ä) = ai (as two sounds)
ει = i = ei (as two sounds)
οι = i = oi (as two sounds)
υι = i = ui or yi (as two sounds)
αυ = av (before vowel or b, g, d, z l, m, n, r)
or af (before all other consonants) = au (a two sounds)
ευ = ev or ef (as above) = e u (as two sounds)
ηυ = iv or if (as above) = eu (long) (Swed. äu) (as two sounds)
É Ñ = no aspiration = aspiration (= h)
/ \ ∼ = accents heeded = accents not heeded
NOTES:
1 N.B. Modern Greek has another form, the Katharevousa, or the “literary” (and till 1975 official) modern Greek, which has its roots in the 2nd c. A.D. revival of classicism (Phrynichus, Moeris), though most modern literature is written in the Dhimotiki.
2 The very same mistake along with a mispronunciation of two other words ascribed to Greeks occurs in no less a scholar than W. F. Howard, A Grammar of New Testament Greek. Accidence and Word-Formation (Edinburgh: T & T Clark, 1928, latest impression 1979) 45: “φθα&νω ισ ιν ΜΓρ φτ〈νο, αι0σθα&νομαι ισ εστ〈νομε … ε9πτα& = εφτ〈”, and other inaccuracies about modern Greek. Such inexactitudes about Modern Greek abound in F. Blass, Über die Aussprache des Griechischen (Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1st ed. 1870, 2nd ed. 1882, and 3rd ed. 1888) e.g. 2nd ed. 83 (= 3rd ed. 97), 3rd ed. 103, while his non-acquaintance with modern Greek phonology is seen throughout his book (cf. e.g. the 3rd ed. 132ff.). Blass introduced, or at least contributed to, the inaccurate picture about modern Greek rife in the scholarly community ever since.
3 De recta Latini Graecique sermonis pronunciatione dialogus (Basiliae: Frobenius 1528).
4 Speculations along similar lines had been made earlier by the Spaniard Antonio of Lebrixa, the Venice printer Aldus Manutius, and the Italian Girolamo (Hieronymus) Aleander.
5 The story of the fraud (fraude) to which Erasmus fell victim is related in an account dated 27 October 1569, and cited in one of the fervent supporters of Erasmianism, in Gerardi Ioannis Vossii, Aristarchus, sive de arte Grammatica libri septem etc., (Amstelædami: I. Blaev 1635, Editio secunda 1662) 106f. My thanks are hereby due to de heer Martin Engels, Conservator of the Provinciale Bibliotheek van Friesland at Leeuwarden, Netherlands, who kindly send me photocopies of the relevant pages of this book. The text runs as follows: “Ac Erasmus quidem quâ occasione ad scribendum de rectâ pronunciatione fuerit impulsus, paucis cognitum arbitror. Itaque visum hâc de adjicere, quod in schedâ quadam habeo, scriptâ olim manu Henrici Coracopetræi, viri egregiè docti, doctisque perfamiliaris. Ea ita habet: ‘Audivi M. Rutgerum Reschium, professorem Linguæ Græcæ in Collegio Buslidiano apud Lovanienses, meum piæ memoriæ præceptorem, narrantem, se habitâsse in Liliensi pædagogio unà cum Erasmo, plus minus biennio eo superius, se inferius cubiculum obtinente: Henricum autem Glareanum Parisiis Lovanium venisse, atque ab Erasmo in collegium vocatum fuisse ad prandium: quò cùm venisset, quid novi adferret interrogatum, dixisse (quod in itinere commentus erat, quòd sciret Erasmum plus satis rerum novarum studiosum, ac mirè credulum) quosdam in Græciâ natos Lutetiam venisse, viros ad miraculum doctos; qui longè aliam Græci sermonis pronunciationem usurparent, quàm quæ vulgò in hisce partibus recepta esset. Eos nempe sonare pro B vita, BETA: pro H ita, ETA: pro ai æ, AI: pro OI I, OI: & sic in cæteris. Quo audito, Erasmum paulò pòst conscripsisse Dialogum de rectâ Latini Græcique sermonis pronunciatione, ut videretur hujus rei ipse inventor, & obtulisse Petro Alostensi, typographo, imprimendum: qui cùm, fortè aliis occupatus, renueret; aut certè se tam citò excudere, quàm ipse volebat, non posse diceret; misisse libellum Basileam ad Frobenium, a quo mox impressus in lucem prodiit. Verùm Erasmum, cognitâ fraude, nunquam eâ pronunciandi ratione postea usum; nec amicis, quibuscum familiariter vivebat, ut eam observarent, præcepisse. In ejus rei fidem exhibuit M. Rutgerus ipsius Erasmi manuscriptam in gratiam Damiani à Goes Hispani pronunciationis formulam (cujus exemplar adhuc apud me est) in nullo diversam ab eâ, quâ passim docti & indocti in hac linguâ utuntur’. Henricus Coracopetræus Cuccensis. Neomagi. CI I LXIX. pridie Simonis & Iudæ.”
6 This holds true also of the theorists. Cf., for example, the precepts of German theorists (e.g. F. Blass, E. Schwyzer) with those of American and British theorists (e.g. E. H. Sturtevant, W. S. Allen).
7 Of the Greeks, who brought the Greek letters —and hence the historical pronunciation of Greek— to the West both before and after the fall of Constantinople, the following specimen may be given: The Hesychian monk Barlaam the Calabrian (1290-1348) having studied at Constantinople University (founded in A.D. 1045) was one of the first Greeks to spread the knowledge of Greek in Italy. Among his pupils were Petrarch and possibly Boccacio; Leontios Pilatos became professor of Greek at Florence University in 1360. His translation of Homer was used by Petrarch and Boccacio in their educational reform; Manuel Chrysoloras was professor of Greek at Florence University (1396-1399); he lectured also in Pavia, Milan and Rome; Georgios Gemistos Plethon (1360-1452), an observer at the Synod of Ferrara-Florence (1438-1439), lectured during that period to the learned of Italy on Plato, and his superiority to Aristotle, introducing his audience to the differences between the two philosophers. The impression he made was such as to lead the Medici to found the Platonic Academy of Florence (1459); Archbishop Bessarion founded with the help of Pope Nicolas V an Academy for Greek philosophy in Rome; Ioannes Argyropoulos was professor of Greek at Florence 1456-1470, where one of his pupils was Politian; he was invited by Hungarian king Matthias I Corvinus to introduce Greek learning in Hungary; Demetrios Chalkokondylis (1423-1511) taught in Padua, then in Florence for 16 years, as well as in Milan at the invitation of Ludovico Sforza, at whose court at this time resided also Leonardo de Vinci and Bramante; Constantinos Lascaris taught Greek in Milan as well as at the monastery of San Salvatore (1468-1501), where he succeeded another Greek, Andronikos Galesiotis; Andronikos Kallistos taught in Padua, Bologna, Rome, Florence (1471-1475), and presumably in London, where he died; Georgios Hermonymos was the first Greek to teach at the Sorbonne: among his pupils were German Joh. Reuchlin, Venetian Ermolao Barbaro, Dutchman Desiderius Erasmus, and Frenchman Guillaume Budé; Janos Lascaris (1445-1535) became Librarian of Florence, then succeeded D. Chalkokondylis as professor. At his recommendation Pope Leo X founded the Greek Gymnasium of Rome in 1514; Markos Mousouros together with Aldus Manutius published Greek classics in Venice; he taught in Padua: among his pupils were Frenchman Germain de Brie, German Johan Konon, Desiderius Erasmus, French Ambassador Jean de Pin, Hungarian humanist Janus Vertessy, and Galenius from Prague. He was the first to publish the complete works of Plato; together with Battista Egnazzio he founded the famous Marcian Library of Venice; Franciscus Portos (1511-1581) taught in Venice and Geneva; Aimilios Portos (1550-1610), son of the former, taught in Geneva, Lausanne, Heidelberg, and other German cities; Leon Allatios (1586-1669) was Librarian of Vatican and edited many Fathers and other writers, such as Chrysostom and Photius.
8 To whom, among others, I am greatly indebted; see his An Historical Greek Grammar Chiefly of the Attic Dialect As Written and Spoken From Classical Antiquity Down to the Present Time (London: MacMillan & Co., 1897) Preface viii.
9 Their task was made relatively easy on the one hand by the fall of the Byzantine Empire, which could no longer hinder this development, as well as the waning presence of Greek intellectuals in the West, and on the other by their ignorance of the inscriptions, which contradicted their conclusions. As it turned out, the pronunciation of Greek was determined almost solely with the pronunciation of Latin as the arbiter.
10 For example, a Greek scholar wrote a book of 752 pages (Q. Παπαδημητρακο&πουλου, Βα&σανοϕ τω∼ν περι∴ τη=ϕ ε9λληνικη=ϕ προφορα∼ϕ )Ερασμικω∼ν α)ποδει/χεων, )Εν ) Αθη/ναιϕ, 1889) setting forth the evidence available then in vindication of the historical Greek pronunciation and at the same time showing the untenability of the arguments of Blass as well as other advocates of Erasmianism.
11 Regrettably the argumentation sometimes exceeded scientific propriety. F. Blass, for example, impelled by the nineteenth century Romantic view of ancient Greece, according to which all subsequent development was a retrogression (cf. his evaluative comment that the Italians are not “die reine Nachkommen der alten Römer”, 1st ed. p.8) called the Modern Greeks as well as the Byzantines “half-barbarians” (“Wohl sind die Neugriechen und waren die Byzantiner micobarbaroi” [1st ed. p. 8]) and condemned Modern Greek as barbarous, corrupt and worthless (despite the fact that the three editions of his book give ample evidence that he was not acquainted with Modern Greek phonology), cf. e.g. 1st ed. p.7: “Die Sprache eines Homer oder Platon nach derjenigen der Syrer des dritten Jahrhunderts oder der verkommenen Byzantiner umzuwandeln, wäre die reine Barbarei”; p. 8: “Folglich ist die historische Grundlage [i.e. the Modern Greek pronunciation], welche die Reuchlinianer [who pronounced Greek in the Greek way] im Gegensatz zu uns [i.e. Erasmians] für sich in Anspruch nehmen, eine gänzlich nichtige und wertlose” (italics mine), and considered that the German pronunciation of Greek was practically identical with the true and genuine pronunciation not only of Homer, but also of the entire period during which the Greek language flourished — a strange position in view of the enormous epigraphical evidence to the effect that the pronunciation was undergoing deep changes in vth and ivth c. B.C.: “Unsere Aussprache ist in allen andern Punkten des Vokalismus fest genug begründet als die wenigstens annähernd wahre und echte nicht etwa nur der homerischen Zeit, sondern der gesammten Blütezeit der griechischen Nation. _ ” (italics mine). He ended both the 2nd and 3rd editions of his work by a remarkable sentence expressing arrogance and at the same time admission to have perverted (“Verhunzung”) the pronunciation of Greek: “_ die wirkliche Sprache aber mag eher noch mannigfaltiger gewesen sein, und es ist hiernach wohl vollends klar, welche ungeheuren Schwierigkeiten die griechische Aussprache für den Ausländer dargeboten haben muss. Wir haben es leichter, da uns niemand kontrolieren kann, und wenn es sich nicht schickt, ganz gleichgültig gegen eine bessere oder schlechtere Aussprache zu sein, so wollen wir auch andererseits nicht in pedantischer Weise uns so geberden, als ob eines Tages die alten Hellenen auferstehen und uns über die Verhunzung ihrer schönen Sprache zur Rechenschaft ziehen könnten” !
Posted in Classical Greek.
– May 1, 2011