TWO CLASSES OF NOUNS IN -ER
99. The two classes of second declension nouns represented
by puer and ager differ only in the fact that nouns like puer
keep the e before r in all the cases, while in ager and similar
nouns e appears before r only in the nominative singular.
When a new word appears in the vocabulary the genitive, or
a part of it, is printed after the nominative to show whether
it is declined like puer or ager.
READING EXERCISE: COLLOQUIUM (A Didlogue)
100. 1. Quid facit puer?
Puer librum legit.
2. Quis est puer?
Puer est fllius poetae.
3. Quid discit puer in schola?
Puer in schola linguam Latlnam discit.
4. Quid facit puer cum in schola non est?
Puer laborat in agrls cum in schola non est.
5. Quid facit puella?
Puella epistulam scrlbit.
6. Cur puellam non laudas?
40
Puellam non laudo quod non est impigra.
7. Quid portat soror tua?
Soror mea lllia portat.
8. Ciir Sextus non habet pecuniam?
Sextus non habet pecuniam quod non laborat.
9. Quid femina puero dat?
Femina puero librum dat.
10. Quid puella in agro agricolae videt?
Puella in agro agricolae equum videt.
101. VOCABULARY
ager, agri, m., field lllium, -I, n., Uly
discit, learns puer, pueri, m., boy
facit, does, makes quis, who?
femina, -ae, f., woman Sextus, -I, m., Sextus (the
liber, libri, m., book name of a man or boy)
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
102. 1. Puer libr — (a book) legit. 2. Sextus in agr —
(the field) cum agricol — (the farmer) laborat. 3. Cur puer —
(the boys) non laudas? 4. Puer — (the boys) non laudo quod
non labor — (subject “they”). 5. Puer — (the boys) praemium
non do.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
103. 1. What grammatical term is connected in derivation
with femina? 2. Find two nouns derived from liber. 3. The
plural form pueri sometimes means “children.” What is a
puerile objection?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Decline liber. 2. Make the direct objects plural in the answers to
questions 1, 5, and 10 of section 100. 3. Make the direct and indirect
objects plural in the answer to 9.
41
LESSON XVI
SECOND DECLENSION
: (Continued)
104.
SUMMARY OF SECOND DECLENSION NOUNS
Singular
Nom.
templum
amlcus
ager
puer
Gen.
templi
amlcl
agrl
puerl
Dat.
templo
amlco
agro
puero
Acc.
templum
amicum
agrum
puerum
Abl.
templo
amlco
Plural
agro
puero
Nom.
templa
amicl
agrl
puerl
Gen.
templorum
amlcorum
agrorum
puerorum
Dat.
templis
amlcls
agrls
puerls
Acc.
templa
amlcos
agros
pueros
Abl.
templis
amlcls
agrls
puerls
a. The noun vir (genitive viri) also belongs to*this
declension. The endings of the genitive, dative, ac-
cusative, etc, are added to the nominative as in puer.
THE VOCATIVE
105. In addition to the cases which have been given, there
is another case called the vocative, which is used to denote the
person addressed. Thus, in the sentences “John, come here,”
and “Boy, what street is this?” the words John and boy are in
the vocative case.
The vocative has the same form as the nominative in all
Latin nouns except those of the second declension ending in
-us. The vocative singular of these nouns ends in -e. Thus,
the vocative singular of amicus is amice, the vocative of
Marcus is Marce. The vocative plural is always the same
as the nominative plural.
42
SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FACTS REGARDING THE
SECOND DECLENSION
106. (1) The genitive singular ends in -I.
(2) Nouns ending in -us and -er are chiefly masculine.
(3) Nouns ending in -um are neuter.
(4) The nominative plural of masculine nouns ends in -I.
(5) The nominative and accusative plural of all neuter
nouns (in all declensions) end in -a.
READING EXERCISE
107. 1. Marcus, amlcus meus, agricola est, et multos equos
habet. Marcus equls hieme multum frumentum dat. Equl
magnl et validl sunt. Aestate equi interdum in agrls sunt, et
tum frumentum non edunt. Sed frumentum equls damus
cum laborant.
2. Puerum in agro cum agricola videmus. Puer fllius
agricolae est. Agricola flliam quoque habet. Fllia hodie in
horto laborat. Sed fllia non est sola in horto. Mater puellae
quoque in horto est.
3. Cur, Sexte, solus in via ambulas?
Solus in via ambulo quod amlcl mel hodie in agrls laborant.
Cur in agrls cum amlcls tuls non laboras?
In agrls non laboro quod non validus sum.
108. VOCABULARY
edunt, they eat multi, many
frumentum, -I, n., grain solus, alone
hodie, today validus, strong, well
hortus, -I, m., garden
Marcus, -I, m., Marcus (the
name of a man or boy)
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
109. Translate the following sentences into Latin:
1. The boy is the son of my friend.
43
2. I often praise the boy, but I do not praise the
boy’s friend.
3. We see the farmer’s fields from the window of the
cottage.
4. The boys are now in the garden with your daughter.
5. My friend’s horse stands in the street.
ENGLISH DERTVATIVES FROM LATIN
110. 1. What is horticulturef 2. Give two English words
connected in derivation with solus. 3. What is a valid
reason? 4. What connection in meaning do you see between
validus and invalidt 5. What are edible berries?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Make a list of the neuter nouns in this lesson and the three preceding
lessons, and give the nominative plural of each. 2. Give the nominative
plural of the masculine nouns in this lesson and the two preceding lessons.
3. Decline hortus tuus.
LESSON XVII
ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
111, DECLENSION OF BONUS IN ALL GENDERS
The adjective bonus is declined as follows:
Singular
Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nom. bonus bona bonum
Gen. boni bonae bonl
Dat. bono bonae bono
Acc. bonum bonam bonum
Abl. bono bona bono
44
Plural
Nom.
boni
bonae
bona
Gen.
bonorum
bonarum
bonorum
Dat.
bonis
bonls
bonis
Acc.
bonos
bonas
bona
Abl.
bonis
bonls
bonls
a. The following adjectives, which have previously
been given in the f eminine, are declined like bonus :
magnus, parvus, longus, multus, periculosus, benig-
nus, carus, gratus, laetus, Latinus, clarus, obscurus,
validus. 1
ADJECTIVES WITH MASCXJLINE NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION
112. An adjective must agree with its noun in gender, but
its endings are not necessarily the same as those of the noun.
Since agricola, nauta, and poeta are masculine, any adjective
modifying one of them will be masculine.
The words for a good sailor are declined as follows:
Singular
Plural
Nom.
nauta bonus
nautae bonl
Gen.
nautae bonl
nautarum bonorum
Dat.
nautae bono
nautls bonls
Acc.
nautam bonum
nautas bonos
Abl.
nauta bono
nautls bonls
SUBSTANTIVE USE OF ADJECTIVES
113. The masculine form of some adjectives may be used
in the plural without a noun to denote persons. Thus, multi
means many (persons), boni means the good (persons). In
descriptions of war or military operations of any kind nostri
means our men or our soldiers.
The neuter form of some adjectives may be used in the
plural to refer to things. Thus, multa means many things.
1 The adjectives sdlus and nullus are like bonus except in the genitive and dative
singular.
45
READING EXERCISE
114. 1. Sextus bonus agricola est, et multum frumentum
habet. Magnum tectum et parvum hortum habet. In horto
cum filia et filio nunc stat. Vesperl saepe in vils cum amlcis
ambulat. Multl Sextum amant quod benignus est.
2. Filius Sextl in magno bello pugnat, et gladium et scutum
habet. Publius quoque, amlcus Sextl, in bello pugnat.
3. Libros multorum poetarum laudo, sed libros tuos non
laudo. Poeta bonus non es. Fama tua non magna est.
4. Nauta solus in via stat. Amlcum expectat. Sed
amlcus in tecto tuo manet. Nautam non videt.
5. Nunc amicus ex tecto properat. Nauta laetus est quod
amlcum videt. Nauta et amlcus non diu in via ambulant,
quod amlcus defessus est.
6. Cur, amlce, ex tecto properas? Ex tecto propero quod
nautam in via video.
7. Amlcus tuus sum, sed consilium tuum non laudo. Non
est consilium bonum. Publius habet consilium bonum.
115. VOCABULARY
bellum, -l, n., war Publius, -I, m., Publius (name
consilium, -I, n., plan of a man or boy)
defessus, -a, -um, tired, weary pugnat, fights
gladius, -I, m., sword scutum, -I, n., shield
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
116. 1. Sextus magn — equ — (horses) habet. 2. Tectum
me — est magn — , casa tu — est parv — . 3. Amlcos benign —
habeo. 4. Puerl in silva sunt sol — . 5. Nauta est valid — ,
sed filius naut — non est valid — .
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
117. 1. What is a belligerent attitude? 2. What is the
meaning of the expression “ante bellum days” (referring to the
46
American Civil War)? 3. What was the original meaning of
gladiatorf 4. Find the meaning of the name of the flower,
gladiolus.
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Rewrite the first sentences in paragraphs 4 and 5 of section 114, chang-
ing the subjects to the plural. 2. Decline meus and tuus in all genders
and both numbers.
LESSON XVIII
AD JECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS
(Continued)
ADJECTIVES WITH THE MASCULINE IN -ER
118. There are certain adjectives which end in -er instead
of -us in the nominative singular of the masculine. These
are of two classes, with the same difference which has been
seen in nouns ending in -er.
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom.
miser
misera
miserum
Gen.
miserl
miserae
miseri
Dat.
misero
miserae
misero
Acc.
miserum
miseram
miserum
Abl.
misero
misera
Plural
misero
Nom.
miserl
miserae
misera
Gen.
miserorum
miserarum
miserorum
Dat.
miserls
miserls
miserls
Acc.
miseros
miseras
misera
Abl.
miserls
miserls
miseris
FIRST
LATIN LESSONS
Singular
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Nom.
pulcher
pulchra
pulchrum
Gen.
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchri
Dat.
pulchro
pulchrae
pulchro
Acc.
pulchrum
pulchram
pulchrum
Abl.
pulchro
pulchra
Plural
pulchro
Nom.
pulchrl
pulchrae
pulchra
Gen.
pulchrorum
pulchrarum
pulchrorum
Dat.
pulchrls
pulchrls
pulchrls
Acc.
pulchros
pulchras
pulchra
Abl.
pulchrls
pulchrls
pulchrls
47
REVIEW LIST OF ADJECTIVES
119. The following adjectives have previously been seen
in the feminine form. The nominative in all three genders is
here given.
apertus, -a, -um
benignus, -a, -um
bonus, -a, -um
carus, -a, -um
clarus, -a, -um
gratus, -a, -um
laetus, -a, -um
Latlnus, -a, -um
magnus, -a, -um
meus, -a, -um
multus, -a, -um
obscurus, -a, -um
parvus, -a, -um
perlculosus, -a, -um
tuus, -a, -um
aeger, -gra, -grum
impiger, -gra, -grum
miser, -a, -um
noster, -tra, -trum
pulcher, -chra, chrum
a. The adjectives aeger, aegra, aegrum, ill, sick,
impiger, -gra, -grum, energetic, noster, nostra, nostrum,
our, and vester, vestra, vestrum, your, are declined
like pulcher.
48
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
120. As has been said before, the words for my (mine),
your (yours), our (ours), are adjectives in Latin, and hence
they must agree in gender, number, and case with the nouns
denoting the thing possessed. The word for your, yours,
when denoting possession by more than one person, is vester,
-tra, -trum. It will appear later in the reading exercises.
READING EXERCISE
121. 1. Amicus meus multos libros habet. Libros amat.
Fllius amicl mei libros non amat. Sed puer bonus est, et
bene laborat. Validus et impiger est. Equos bonos amat et
laetus est cum in agrls laborat.
2. Mater tua parvum hortum habet. In horto sunt rosae
et lllia. Mater tua mihi saepe rosas dat. Soror mea lllia et
rosas amat, et in horto cum filia amlci mel interdum ambulat.
Ex fenestra tecti nostrl hortum videmus.
3. Hortus Marcl est pulcher, et ibi cum Marco saepe ambulo.
Marcus est amlcus meus. Sed hodie in horto solus ambulo
quod Marcus est aeger. Miser sum quod amlcus meus est
aeger.
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
122. 1. Sextus equos me — laudat. 2. Bellum long —
expectamus. 3. Fllia tu — est puella bon — . 4. Insula est
parv — sed pulchr — . 5. Nautae sunt valid — .
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Decline together the words for an unhappy friend. 2. Decline to-
gether the words for a beautiful garden. 3. Give the Latin for the follow-
ing phrases as subjects and as direct objects: an unhappy sailor, a sick
friend, a strong boy. 4. Decline impiger, energetic, using pulcher as a
model.
49
LESSON XIX
PASSIVE VOICE, PRESENT INDICATIVE
THE PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF PORTO
123. The verb porto is conjugated as follows in the present
indicative passive.
Singular Plural
portor, I am carried portamur, we are carried
portaris, 1 you are carried portamini, you are carried
portatur, he, she, it is carried portantur, they are carried
a. These forms may also be translated: I am being
carried, you are being carried, he is being carried, etc.
b. A verb which represents an action or state as a
fact is said to be in the indicative mood.
PERSONAL ENDINGS
124. The personal endings used in the passive are as follows:
Singular Plural
-or (-r), I -mur, we
-ris, you -mini, you
-tur, he, she, it -ntur, they
a. The characteristic vowel -a- becomes short before
-ntur, and it disappears before -or.
VOICE
(23) The two sentences The boy helps his friend and The boy is helped
by his friend both have the word boy as subject, since in each sentence we
say something about the boy. But in the first sentence the subject does
the act, while in the second the act is done by someone else. A verb which
denotes an act done by the subject is said to be in the active voice, and a
verb which denotes an act which is done to the subject by some other
person or thing is said to be in the passive voice.
1 There is also a form of the second person singular ending in -re. It is not used in
the exercises of this book.
50
READING EXERCISE
125. 1. Publius est vir bonus, et ab amlcls amatur et
laudatur. Fllium habet, sed filius non laudatur, quod impiger
non est et male laborat. Publius est miser quod fllius non est
impiger.
2. In tecto tuo galeam et scutum video. Gladium quoque
video. Tua arma sunt Romana. Nunc galeas et gladios
in bello videmus, sed scuta non videmus.
3. Oppidum nostrum vias latas habet. In vils multos
pueros et puellas videmus. Puerl et puellae ex schola prope-
rant.
4. Cur nullos libros hodie portas? Librl mel hodie ab”
amlco meo portantur. Saepe libros amlcl mel porto.
5. Ex oppido nostro castra videmus. Castra magna sunt.
Amlcus meus nunc in castrls est.
126. VOCABULARY
a, ab, preposition wiih ablative, galea, -ae, f., helmet
by, from latus, -a, -um, wide, broad
arma, -orum, n. pl., weapons, male, badly
arms Romanus, -a, -um, Roman
castra, -orum, n. pl, camp vir, viri, m., man
a. The word castra is used in the plural number with
singular meaning. When it is the subject of a verb the
verb must be plural, although translated by an English
verb in the singular. When more than one camp is
meant the same form is used as for one, but the rest
of the sentence will make clear the fact that the
meaning is plural. An adjective modifying castra must
be plural.
b. In a sentence with a passive verb a or ab com-
monly means by. Sometimes, however, this preposition
is translated from. The distinction between e or ex
and a or ab meaning from is that e or ex is used to de-
51
note place from within which, while a or ab means from
near, or does not indicate that the starting point is
within the place named. Thus, They set out from the
town means that they were in the town when they
started, and therefore e or ex will be used. In the
sentence We walked from the river to the hill, from means
from near or from the side of, and hence a or ab will be
used.
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
127. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. The
small boy reads many books. 2. Marcus is unhappy today.
3. The field is large, but the garden is small. 4. Your horse
is beautiful, but he is not strong. 5. There are many roses
in my garden.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
128. 1. Find some English words in which the first syllable
appears to come from a or ab. Look up the derivation of
these words in the dictionary. 2. What is an armoryf
3. What sort of person is a malefactorf 4. What are virile
qualities?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the meaning of the following: 1. Laudatur, laudantur, laudamur.
2. Amamus, amamur, amas, amaris. 3. Portat, portant, portatur, por-
tantur. 4. Specto, spector, spectare, properare.
ROMAN COINS
52
SECOND REVIEW LESSON
VOCABULARY REVIEW, LESSONS XI-XTX
129.
ager, agri
arma, -orum
bellum, -I
castra, -orum
consilium, -I
equus, -I
femina, -ae
fllius, -I
frumentum, -I
galea, -ae
gladius, -I
hortus, -I
janua, -ae
liber, libri
lilium, -I
luna, -ae
oppidum, -I
praemium, -I
puer, pueri
sciitum, -I
stella, -ae
tabernaculum,
tectum, -I
WORD STUDY: LATIN AE, OE, AND ENGLISH E
130. In section 70 we saw certain changes in the spelting
of some English words from Latin. Another change, which is
to be found in a rather large number of words, is illustrated
by the word premium, from Latin praemium. The diph-
thong ae of the Latin word is represented by the leiter e in
the English derivative. In like manner equal is from Latin
aequalis, which has about the same meaning as equal, and
vir, viri
porto, -are
aestate
domi
specto, -are
sto, stare
hieme
1TQC”r\OT»l
discit
vespen
facit
aeger
manet
clarus
timet
defessus
videt
latus
edunt
miser
multus
diu
multi
hodie
nfillus
interdum
obscurus
male
solus
noctii
validus
quis
quid
cum (conj.)
quod
tum
habito, -are
ubi
habeo
laboro, -are
a, ab
53
which in turn comes from another Latin word aequus, meaning
level, equal, or fair.
Similarly the Latin diphthong oe becomes e in English
derivatives. From Latin poena, punishment, we have penalty,
penal. Latin poenitere (also spelled paenitere), to repent, is of
common origin with poena and is the source of penitent and
penitentiary. The word federation is connected with a Latin
word foederatus, meaning bound together by a treaty (foedus,
a treaty).
WORDS FORMED WITH EX
131. Another change is seen in the combination of ex
with words beginning with s, as for example ex+specto. In
the Latin word expecto, as given in this book, s is dropped,
as in the English word expect. In like manner exist and exile
come from compounds of ex with words beginning with s, in
which s has been dropped. In the Latin of the time of Caesar
and Cicero s was retained in these words (exspecto, exsisto),
but at a later time the spelling without s developed. Some
Latin textbooks employ the form with s.
LESSON XX
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE HIC
132. The demonstrative hic, this (plural these), is declined
as follows:
Singular
Plural
Nom.
hic
haec
hoc
hl
hae
haec
Gen.
hujus
hujus
hujus
horum
harum
horum
Dat.
huic
huic
huic
hls
hls
his
Acc.
hunc
hanc
hoc
hos
has
haec
Abl.
hoc
hac
hoc
his
hls
his
54
READING EXERCISE: TRES PUERl ROMANl
133. 1. Hic puer est Marcus. A dextra stat Sextus, a
sinistra stat Piiblius. Hl tres sunt pueri Romanl. Arma
quoque Romana videmus. Marcus gladium et sctitum habet.
Sextus jaculum et sagittas portat. Ptiblius est parvus, et
arma non habet. Marcus et Sextus et Publius sunt fllii Titl.
Titus est sagittarius, et nunc in Hispania est. Romani cum
incolls Hispaniae pugnant.
2. (Marcus speaks.) Marcus sum. Hic puer parvus est
Piiblius. Publius gladium non habet quod parvus est. Puer
tertius est Sextus. Sextus est magnus puer et arma portat.
Filii Titl sumus.
3. (Publius speaks.) Publius sum. Arma non habeo quod
parvus sum. Sextus et Marcus sunt puerl magni et arma
habent. Arma amant et bellum laudant, sed non in bello
pugnant. Mater mea bellum non laudat.
55
134. VOCABULARY
dextra, -ae, f., right hand; sinistra, -ae, f., left hand;
a dextra, on the right a sinistra, on the left
hic, haec, hoc, this tertius, -a, -um, third
jaculum, -I, N., javelin Titus, -I, m., Titus {name of a
pugno, -are, fight man or boy)
sagitta, -ae, f., arrow tres, three
sagittarius, -I, m., archer
^SE
ROMAN JAVELINS
EXERCISES FOR WRITING
135. Write in Latin: 1. This boy and this girl are in our
school. 2. A friend of this boy is now in our town. 3. I
often give this boy money. 4. (There) are no roses in this
garden. 5. This farmer is a strong man.
ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN
136. 1. What is dexterityf 2. What is a pugnacious dis-
position? 3. What is a sinister appearance?
SUGGESTED DRILL
1. Give the Latin for the following as subjects: these boys, these girls,
these dangers, these sailors. 2. Give the Latin for the following as objects:
thesefields, these cottages, these farmers. 3. Give the Latin for the following
phrases: in this field, in these fields, to this boy, to these boys, from these
cottages.