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Educational Vision

My vision of the future is no longer of people taking exams and proceeding on to that certification … , but of individuals passing from one stage of independence to a higher one by means of their activity through their own effort of will, which constitutes the inner evolution of the individual.

Dr. Maria Montessori (1870-1952)

Posted in Latin for Children.


Good English Matters !

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Most Common English Grammatical Errors

 

 

 

 

 

Posted in General Study Help.


What is mentoring?

 

Overall Definition of Mentoring

Mentorship refers to a developmental relationship between a more experi- enced mentor and a less experienced partner referred to as a mentee or protégé.

Historical

The roots of the practice are lost in antiquity. The word itself was inspired by the character of Mentor in Homer’s Odyssey. Though the actual Mentor in the story is a somewhat ineffective old man, the goddess Athena takes on his appearance in order to guide young Telemachus in his time of difficulty.

The derivation of mentoree (as opposed to “mentee”) is an example of back-formation, since the noun mentor is also used as the verb to mentor (someone) — in contrast to other words like “employer” and “employee” and “nominator” and “nominee”.

Typology

There are two types of mentoring re- lationships: formal and informal. In- formal relationships develop on their own between partners and friends. Formal mentoring, on the other hand, refers to assigned relationships, often associated with organizational mentoring programs designed to promote gifted development, such as in schools or employment. There is also non-academic mentoring, e.g. Big Brothers Big Sisters or Teammates in Nebraska, among others.


Mentorship include Greek mentors, the guru-disciple tradition practiced in Hinduism and Buddhism, the disciple- ship system practiced by Rabbinical Judaism and the Christian church, as well as apprenticing under the medieval guild.

Formal Mentoring

In formal academic mentoring there are program goals, schedules, training (for mentor and mentoree) and evaluation.

 

 

 

Posted in What is Mentoring?.


Text Messaging in Latin

LatinTexting

Posted in Living Latin.


Online Classical Greek Course

Please click on the link http://www.ntgreek.net/ to familiarize yourself with the Course. Your Mentor will guide you through all levels and chapters and give you feed-back. He also will check your test results for recording.

Posted in Classical Greek, What is Mentoring?.


Supplementary Latin Readings

SUPPLEMENTARY LATIN READINGS

33. Recovery of the Oxen

385 Hercules, quoniam nullum alium introitum reperlre poterat,
hoc saxum amovere conatus est; sed propter ejus magnitu-
dinem res erat difficillima. Diu laborabat, neque quidquam
efficere poterat. Tandem tamen magno conatu saxum
amovit et speluncam patefecit. Ibi amissos boves magno

390 cum gaudio conspexit. Sed Cacum ipsum vix cernere potuit,
quod spelunca repleta erat fiimo quem ille more suo evome-
bat. Hercules, inusitata specie turbatus, breve tempus
haesitabat; mox tamen in speluncam irrupit et collum mon-
strl bracchils complexus est. Ille, etsl multum rehlctatus est,

395 nullo modo se llberare potuit; et, quod ntilla facultas respl-
randl dabatur, mox, quod necesse fuit, exanimatus est.

34. Eleventh Labor — The Golden Apples
of the hesperides

Eurystheus, postquam boves Geryonis accepit, laborem
undecimum Herculi imposuit, graviorem quam quos supra
narravimus. Jussit enim eum aurea poma ex horto Hesperi-
400 dum auferre. Hesperides autem nymphae erant quaedam
forma praestantissima, quae in terra longinqua habitabant, et
quibus aurea quaedam poma a Jiinone commissa erant.
Multi homines, auri cupiditate inducti, haec poma auferre

387. neque, but not; occasionally neque is used as the equivalent of sed
non instead of et non.

391. more suo, according to his custom; the ablative is sometimes em-
ployed to express the idea of “in accordance with.”

392. breve tempus: accusative of duration of time.

396. quod (a thing) which, or as; neuter, because the relative refers to
the fact in exanimatus est.

398. Hercull: see note on line 179.

quam: supply el erant.

400. quaedam: with nymphae.

HERCULES 313

jam antea conati erant; res tamen difficillima erat. Nam
hortus in quo poma erant muro ingenti undique circumdatus 405
est; praeterea draco quldam, qui centum capita habebat, por-
tam Iiortl dlligenter custodiebat. Opus igitur quod Eurys-
theus Hercull imperaverat erat summae difficultatis, non
modo ob causas quas memoravimus, sed quod Hercules
situm hortl omnlno ignorabat. 410

35. Atlas, Who Upheld the Heavens

Hercules, quamquam quietem vehementer cupiebat, con-
stituit tamen Eurystheo parere; et simul ac jussa ejus acce-
pit, proficlscl matiiravit. Multos mercatores interrogaverat
de sede Hesperidum; nihil tamen certum reperlre potuerat.
Friistra per multas terras iter fecit et multa perlcula subiit; 415
tandem, postquam in hls itineribus totum annum consumpsit,
ad extremam partem orbis, quae proxima erat Oceano, per-
venit. Hlc stabat vir quldam, nomine Atlas, ingentl magni-
tudine corporis, qul caelum (ita tradunt) umerls suis, sustine-
bat et in terram decidere prohibebat. Hercules, tantum 420
laborem magnopere mlratus, post paulo in colloquium cum

408. Herculi, had imposed upon Hercules; Hercull is a dative governed
by the special verb imperaverat.

412. Eurystheo: what case is governed by verbs of obeying?

417. orbis: supply terrarum; the two words together mean the world.

419. ita tradunt, so legend has it, as the legend goes; literally so they hand
down.

umeris: ablative of means, but to be translated on his shoulders.

caelum decidere, fromfalling upon the earth; see note on line 343.

421. miratus, wondering at.

1. Conjugate possum in the present, imperfect, and future. 2. Decline
dies. 3. Conjugate venio in the past perfect. 4. Give the principal parts
of aufero, reddo, irrumpo. 5. What is the meaning of quam celerrime”?
6. Find the derivation and meaning of “ignite.”

314

SUPPLEMENTARY LATIN READINGS

Atlante venit et, postquam causam itineris exposuit, auxilium
ejus petiit.

36. A SUBSTITUTE

Atlas autem potuit Hercull maxime prodesse; ille enim,
425 quoniam ipse erat pater Hesperidum, situm horti bene sclvit.
Postquam igitur audlvit causam itineris Herculis, “Ipse,”
inquit, “ad hortum Ibo; ego si hortabor, flliae certe poma sua
sponte tradent.” Hercules, ubi haec audlvit, magnopere
gavlsus est; cupiebat enim rem sine vl fierl. Constituit igitur
430 oblatum auxilium accipere. Sed quod Atlas abitiirus erat,
necesse erat aliquem caelum umerls sustinere. Hoc igitur
negotium Hercules libenter suscepit et, quamquam res erat

424. Hercull: dative with prodesse, benefit.
427. hortabor: supply eds as object.
sua sponte, of their own accord.

429. gavisus est: from gaudeo.

430. abiturus erat, was about to go away; the future active participle is
often thus used with a form of the verb sum.

VOCABULARY REVTEW

colloquium

accido

efficio

turbo

cupiditas

amitto

indtico

incommodum

arcesso

intellego

longe

lapis

aufero

memoro

noctii

mercator

cado

moror

quam

os

circumdo

pareo

ut

pabulum

condo

patefacio

conjungo

puto

quoniam

posterus

conor

reniintio

ulterior

custodio

subeo

uterque

decipio

tego

demitto

tradiico

HERCULES 315

summl laboris, totum pondus caeli continuos complures dies
solus sustinuit.

37. Return of Atlas

Atlas interea abierat et ad hortum Hesperidum, qui pauca 435
milia passuum aberat, se quam celerrime contulerat. Eo
ubi venit, causam veniendl exposuit et a flliabus suls poma
vehementer petlvit. Illae diu haerebant; nolebant enim hoc
facere, quod ab ipsa Jiinone, de qua ante dictum est, hoc
mQnus acceperant. Atlas tamen post multa verba ils per- 440
suasit et poma ad Herculem rettulit. Hercules interea, qul
plures dies expectaverat neque ullam famam de reditti
Atlantis acceperat, hac mora graviter commotus est. Tan-
dem qulnto die Atlantem vldit redeuntem, et mox magno
cum gaudio poma accepit; tum, postquam gratias pro tanto 445
beneficio egit, ad Graeciam proficlscl matiiravit.

38. Twelfth Labor — Cerberus, the Three-headed Dog

Postquam aurea poma ad Eurystheum relata sunt, unus
modo relinquebatur e duodecim laboribus quos Eurystheus Her-
culi praeceperat. Eurystheus autem, quod Herculem mag-
nopere timebat, se ab eo in perpetuum llberare volebat. Jus- 450
sit igitur eum canem Cerberum ex Orco in lucem trahere.

435. pauca milia passuum, a few miles. The use of mille in the plural
is explained in the note on line 181.

436. E6: an adverb.

437. filiabus: the noun filia has filiabus (not filiis) as the dative and
ablative plural; dea (goddess) also has -abus as the ending of these cases;
in other forms these nouns have the regular endings of the first declen-
sion.

439. dictum est, we have spoken.

448. quos Eurystheus Hercull praeceperat, which Eurystheus had im-
posed upon Hercules; the compound verb praecipib is transitive and so
takes both a dative, Herculi, and an accusative, quos.

450. in perpetuum, forever; the neuter adjective is used as a noun.

316 SUPPLEMENTARY LATIN READINGS

Hoc opus omnium difncillimum erat; nemo enim umquam ex
Orco redierat. Praeterea Cerberus iste monstrum erat horri-
bili specie, qui tria capita serpentibus saevls clncta habebat.
455 Antequam tamen hunc laborem narramus, non alienum vide-
tur, quoniam de Orco mentionem fecimus, pauca de ista
regione proponere.

39. Orcus, or Hades, the Abode of the Dead

De Orco, qul Idem Hades appellabatur, haec traduntur.
Ut quisque e vlta discesserat, manes ejus ad Orcum, sedem

460 mortuorum, a deo Mercurio deducebantur. Hujus regionis,
quae sub terra fuisse dlcitur, rex erat Pluto, cujus uxor erat
Proserpina, Jovis et Cereris fllia. Manes igitur, a Mercurio
deducti, prlmum ad rlpam veniebant Stygis fliiminis, quo
continetur regnum Phltonis. Hoc omnes translre necesse erat

465 qul in Orcum veniebant. Quoniam tamen in hoc flumine
nullus pons erat, manes transvehebantur a Charonte quodam,
qul cum parva scapha ad rlpam expectabat. Charon pro hoc
officio mercedem postulabat, neque volebat quemquam sine
hoc praemio transvehere. Ob hanc causam mos erat apud

470 antlquos nummum in ore mortul ponere; eo modo, ut puta-
bant, mortuus ad Stygem veniens pretium trajecttis solvere
poterat. II autem qui post mortem in terra non sepulti

455. alienum, out of place.

456. pauca, a few things.

458. Idem, also, a frequent meaning of the word.

459. Ut, when. quisque, each person.

manes: a plural noun, but to be translated as singular.

460. Mercurio: one of the functions ascribed to the god Mercury was
that of guide of souls into the lower world.

464. omnes transire necesse erat, all must cross. The subject of erat
is the infinitive clause omnes translre.

465. in (flumine), over.

469. mos erat . . . ponere, it was the custom to place; ponere is the
subject of erat.

470. mortui, of the dead person.

HERCULES 317

erant Stygem translre non potuerunt, sed in lltore per cen-
tum annos errare coactl sunt; tum demum licuit Orcum
intrare. 475

40. The Realm of Pluto

Postquam manes Stygem hoc modo transierant, ad alte-
rum veniebant flumen, quod Lethe appellatum est. Ex hoc
fliimine aquam bibere cogebantur. Quod ubi fecerant, res
omnes in vlta gestas e memoria deponebant. Denique ad
sedem ipsam Pliitonis veniebant, cujus introitus a cane Cer- 480
bero custodiebatur. Ibi Pluto, nigro vestltii indutus, cum
uxore Proserpina in solio sedebat. Stabant etiam non procul
ab eo loco tria alia solia, in quibus sedebant Mlnos, Rhada-
manthus, et Aeacus, judices Inferorum. Hl mortuls jiis dlce-
bant et praemia poenasque constituebant. Boni enim in 485
Campos Elysios, sedem beatorum, veniebant; improbi autem
in Tartarum mittebantur, et multls varilsque supplicils ibi
excruciabantur.

475. intrare: subject of licuit.

478. Quod ubi fecerant, and when they had done this. The Latin
relative pronoun often stands at the beginning of a sentence and refers to
an antecedent in the preceding sentence. When thus used it is often fol-
lowed by ubi, as in this instance, or by cum. In this use it is translated
by a personal or a demonstrative pronoun.

res omnes . . . gestas, freely, all the experiences of life; literally,
all things done in life.

482. Stabant, there stood; see note on line 146.

484. mortuis jus dicebant, dispensed justice to the dead.

486. Campos Elysios : in early Greek literature the Elysian Fields were
spoken of as lying in the far west, at the earths extremity, or in the
Islands of the Blest. At a later time they were represented as a part of
the lower world.

1. Give the principal parts of cupio, capio, paro, pareo,flo. 2. Givethe
ablative plural of mercator, filia, filius, orbis. 3. Give a synopsis of
hortor in the third person plural. 4. Decline reditus in the singular number.
5. What is the case of iis, line 440, and why used? 6. Explain the deriva”
tion and meaning of “volition”.

318 SUPPLEMENTARY LATIN READINGS

41. Charon’s Fekry

Hercules, postquam imperia Eurysthel accepit, in Laco-

490 niam ad Taenarum statim se contulit; ibi enim spelunca erat

ingenti magnitudine, per quam (ut tradebatur) homines ad

Orcum descendebant. Eo ubi venit et ex incolls situm spe-

luncae cognovit, sine mora descendere constituit. Nec tamen

solus hoc iter faciebat. Mercurius enim et Minerva se

495 socios ei adjtlnxerant. Ubi ad rlpam Stygis venit, Hercules

scapham Charontis conscendit. Quod tamen Hercules vir

erat ingentl magnitiidine corporis, Charon solvere nolebat;

arbitrabatur enim tantum pondus scapham suam in medio

fliimine mersurum esse. Tandem tamen, minls Herculis ter-

500 ritus, Charon scapham solvit et eum incolumem ad ulteriorem

ripam perduxit.

42. The Twelve Labors Accomplished

Postquam fliimen Stygem tall modo transiit, Hercules in
sedem ipslus Plutonis venit et, postquam causam veniendi
docuit, ab eo facultatem Cerberum auferendl petlvit. Pliit5,

505 qul de Hercule famam acceperat, eum benigne excepit et
facultatem quam ille petebat libenter dedit. Jussit tamen
Herculem imperata Eurysthel facere et postea Cerberum in
Orcum rursus reducere. Hercules haec pollicitus est, et Cer-
berum, quem non sine magno perlculo manibus prehenderat,

<»io summo cum labore ex Orco in lucem et ad urbem Eurysthel
traxit. Eo ubi venit, Eurystheus ex atrid statim refugit;

491. ut tradebatur: the clause has the same sense as ita trddunt, line 419.

492. Ed, to that place.
495. socios, as companions.

498. tantum pondus . . . mersurum esse, that such a weight would
sink, etc.

504. auferendi: the genitive of the gerund of a transitive verb may
have a direct object, here Cerberum.

510. in lucem, into the light, i.e., to the upper world.

HERCULES 319

tantus pavor animum ejus occupaverat. Postquam autem
paulum se ex timore recepit, multis cum lacrimls clamitavit
se velle monstrum sine mora in Orcum reducl. Slc, contra
omnium oplnionem, duodecim illl labores quos Eurystheus 5i»
praeceperat intra duodecim annos confectl sunt. Itaque
Hercules, servittite tandem llberatus, magno cum gaudio
Thebas rediit.

43. Nessus, the Centaur

Post haec Hercules multa alia praeclara perfecit, quae
nunc perscrlbere longum est. Tandem, jam aetate provectus, 520
Deianlram, Oenel flliam, in matrimonium duxit; post tamen
tres annos puerum quendam, nomine Eunomum, casu occldit.
More antlquo necesse erat Herculem ob eam rem in exilium
Ire; itaque cum uxore sua e finibus ejus clvitatis exlre matti-
ravit. Dum tamen iter faciunt, ad flumen quoddam pervene- 525
runt, in quo ntillus pons erat, et dum quaerunt modum
transeundl, accurrit Centaurus quldam, nomine Nessus, qui
auxilium viatoribus obtulit. Hercules igitur uxorem suam in
tergum Nessi imposuit; tum ipse flumen nando transiit. At
Nessus, paulum in aquam progressus, ad rlpam subito revertit 530
et Deianlram auferre conabatur. Quod ubi animadvertit
Hercules, Ira graviter commotus, arcum intendit et pectus
Nessl sagitta transfixit.

513. se recepit, recovered.

514. se velle: again indirect discourse, that he wished; velle in turn
governs an infinitive clause, monstrum . . . reducl.

518. Thebas, to Thebes; the name of a city without a preposition is used
to express the place to which.

619. praeclara, famous exploits.
quae: object of perscribere.

620. longum est, it would take too long.

623. More: an ablative expressing accordance, used as in line 391.
529. nando, by swimming, ablative of the gerund expressing means and
manner.

531. Quod ubi: the note on line 478 should be consulted.

320 SUPPLEMENTARY LATIN READINGS

44. The Poisoned Robe

Nessus igitur, sagitta Herculis transflxus, moriens humi

535 jacebat; at nolens occasionem Herculem ulclscendl dlmittere,
ita locutus est. “Tii, Deianlra, verba morientis audl: sl vls
amorem marltl tul conservare, aliquid sanguinis hujus qul e
pectore meo effunditur stime ac repone; tum, sl umquam sus-
plcio in mentem tuam venerit, vestem marltl hoc sanguine

540 Inficies.” Haec lociitus, Nessus animam efnavit; Deianlra
autem, nihil mall suspicata, imperata fecit. Post breve tem-
pus Hercules bellum contra Eurytum, regem Oechaliae, sus-
cepit et, ubi regem ipsum cum fllils interfecit, Iolen, flliam
Eurytl, captlvam reduxit. Antequam tamen domum venit,

545 navem ad Cenaeum promunturium appulit. Ibi in terram
egressus, quod Jovl sacrificare volebat, aram constituit. Dum
tamen sacrificium parat, Licham, comitem suum, domum Ire
et vestem albam referre jussit; mos enim erat apud antlquos
in sacrificando vestem albam gerere. At Deianlra, arbitrata

550 Herculem amorem erga Iolen habere, vestem, priusquam
Lichae dedit, sanguine Nessl Infecit.

45. The Death of Hercules

Hercules, nihil mall suspicatus, vestem quam Lichas attulit
statim induit. Post tamen breve tempus dolorem per omnia

535. Herculem ulclscendi: the genitive of the gerund with a direct
object, as in line 504.

536. morientis, of one who is dying; a present participle (from morior)
used as a noun.

537. aliquid sanguinis hujus, some of this blood.
541. nihil mali, no harm.

suspicata, suspecting.

544. domum, home; the accusative of this noun, like that of the names
of cities, is used without a preposition to express the place to which.

549. sacrificando: ablative of the gerund governed by a preposition.
arbitrata, thinking.

550. Herculem . . . habere, that Hercules was in love with Iole.

HERCULES

821

membra sensit; sed, quod causam ejus rel ignorabat, magno-
pere mlrabatur. Dolore paene exanimatus, vestem detrahere 555
conatus est. Illa tamen in corpore haesit, neque ullo modo
divelll potuit. Tum demum Hercules, quasi furore impulsus,
in montem Oetam se contulit et in rogum, quem summa
celeritate extriixit, se imposuit. Hoc ubi fecit, voluit eos
qui circumstabant rogum quam celerrime accendere. Omnes 560
diti recusabant; tandem tamen pastor quidam, ad misericor-
diam inductus, ignem subdidit. Tum, dum omnia fumo
obscurantur, Hercules, densa niibe velatus, a Jove in Olym-
pum abreptus est.

662. ignem subdidit, set fire to (the pile).

Posted in Latin Lessons.


Latin I (Section X)

FINIS FABULAE

 
MEDICUS

Personae.

Titus: puer Romdnus, duodecim Lticius \ Titi frdtres, geminl,

annos ndtus. Publius / septem annos ndti.

Octavia: Titimdter. Medicus.

SCAENA. IN CUBICULO PUERORUM.

A sinistrd stat latus lectulus; ibi dormiunt tres pueri, Titus
et Lucius et Publius. A dextrd est fenestra, d tergo jdnua.
Gallus extrd cantat et pueros e somno excitat.

Tit. Quota hora est?

Luc. [ad fenestram currit.] Prima fere hora est. Sol mox

surget.
Tit. O me miserum! Pensum meum non fecl. Quid

Orbilius dioet?
Pub. Immo vero, quid faciet Orbilius?
Tit. Jam ferulam sentio. Ad ludum Ire non audeo.
Luc. Gaudeo quia nondum ad ludum Imus, ego et Publius.
Tit. Quales fratres estis! Quia vapulabo, gaudetis.
Luc. et Pub. [saltant et cantant.] Titus vapulabit; Titus 10

vapulabit.
Tit. [Irdtus.] Vos etiam vapulabitis.

[Frdtres loculis ferit.]

Luc. et Pub. [lacrimant.] Lacrimamus, quia Titus vapu-

labit. Lacrimamus, quia Titus vapulabit.
Tit. Quia vos vapulavistis, lacrimatis. Iterum autem
lacrimabitis, nisi bonum consilium mihi invenietis;
nam ego vapulare hodie nolo.
Pub. Consilium habeo.

220

 221

Tit. et Luc. Dlc nobls.

Pub. Manete; cogito. 20

Tit. Festlna, Publl; O me miserum, vapulabo.

Luc. Fortasse malum Piiblius habet consilium; tum vapu-

labis, Tite.
Tit. Nisi statim consilium narrabis, iterum idem accipies.

[Loculos silmit.]

Pub. Cogitavl. Audite consilium. Vesperl apud Quln-

tum cenabas.
Tit. Illud jam sclmus.
Pub. Bene, ibi nimis edistl.
Tit. Quid dlcere vls? Semper nimis edo; tu quoque et

Liicius. 30

Pub. Sane, at tu hodie aegrotas, quia nimis vesperl edistl.
Tit. At non aegroto, ml frater!

Luc. O stulte, nonne intellegis? Hodie aegrum simulabis.
Tit. Intellego. Euge, Publi! bonum consilium invenisti!

Tti, Lucl, 1 ad matrem; illl de morbo meo aliquid

narra! [Exit Lucius.] Publl, in aquam hunc

pannum merge! Festlna! nam matrem audio;

panno meos oculos preme! Heu! heu! quantum

doleo !

[Octdvia intrat cum Lucio.]

Oct. Hercle ! Quam aeger es ! Quid habes, ml f 111? 40

Tit. Multum doleo. Nunc calidus sum, nunc frlgidus.

Oct. O care flll, medicum arcessam. Quis medicum venlre

jubebit?

Luc. Ego medicum arcessam, mea mater.

Pub. Et ego cum Lucio Ibo.

Oct. Ite, parvull, et medicamentum ferre medicum jubete.

Luc. Acerbum medicamentum secum feret medicus.

Pub. Acerbum medicamentum. [Exeunt gemini.]

Tit. Ut sitio, mater carissima!

222  

Oct. Miselle puer! Aquam frlgidam tibi dabo. Bibe! 50

[Titus bibit.]

Tit. Mater, nunc frigidus sum. Ecce! membra mea

tremunt.
Oct. En, vestlmentls te tegam.
Tit. Mater, nimis calidus sum.

Oct. Eheu! Qui morbus te tenet? Quando medicus veniet?
Tit. Aliquis januam pulsat.

[Medicus cum pueris intrat.]

Med. Salve, domina! Quis aeger est?
Oct. Salve, medice! Fllius meus aegrotat.
Med. Salve, puer! Aegerne es? [Titus annuit.]
Luc. et Pub. Ita, medice, valde aeger est. 60

Med. Num edere potes? [Titus annuit.]
Luc. et Pub. Minime; nihil edere potest.
Med. Ostende mihi linguam tuam. Hem! Quid herl edistl?
Tit. Nescio, medice.
Luc. Scio equidem.
Pub. Et ego.

Luc. Apud Qulntum vesperl cenabat.
Pub. Nimis edit — porcum.
Luc. Et poma.

Pub. Et Hba. 7c

Luc. Et alia multa.
Oct. Minime mlrum, si hodie aegrotas.
Med. Minime mlrum est. Medicamentum tibi parabo.

[Medicus medicamentum parat.]

Luc. Quale medicamentum paras?
Pub. Acerbumne est annon?
Med. Acerbum est.

Luc. et Pub. Acerbum est medicamentum. Acerbum est
medicamentum.

 223

Med. Da mihi poculum, domina! [Fundit.] Nunc bibe,

puer! [Titus medicdmentum gustat.] 80

Tit. Nolo bibere. Tale poculum numquam bibam.
Oct. Ohe, puer improbe! Quo modo aegrotare desines,

nisi medicamentum bibes?
Lic. et Pub. Titus bibere non vult. Titus bibere non

vult.
Med. Necesse est bibere.
Luc. et Pub. Acerbum est. Gaudemus, quia acerbum est

medicamentum.
Tit. Aliquis mox vapulabit. [Geminl audiunt et silent.]
Oct. Statim bibe; sln minus, patrem vocabo. 90

Tit. Nolo. [Exit Octavia.]
Patris Vox. Tite, audisne me?
Tit. Ita, mi pater.

Patris Vox. Nonne medicamentum bibere vis?
Tit. Sane, ml pater, bibere volo. [Dum bibit, Octavia

intrat.]
Oct. Medicamentum bibit Titus.
Med. Bene ; deinde tranquille dormies. Mox validus iterum

eris et robustus. Vale, domina; valete, puerl.
Omnes. Vale, medice. [Exit Medicus.]

Tit. Jam validior sum. Licetne mihi surgere, mater? 100
Oct. Non licet, O stulte. Totum diem in lectulo jacebis.

Et ego prope te manebo.
Tit. Non necesse est tibi, carissima mater, prope me

manere.
Oct. Meus es fllius. Prope te manebo, dum aegrotas.
Luc. et Pub. Licetne nobls in horto ludere?
Oct. Ablte, geminl, et in horto ludite.
Luc. et Pub. Titus in lectulo manebit, totum diem in

lectulo manebit. [Exeunt Lucius et Pilblius.

Titus pugnum agitat.]

FINIS FABULAE.

Posted in Latin Lessons.


Latin I (Section IX)

CIRCE

Personae.

Ullxes, qul domum iter facit.
Eurylochus, quem Ulixes nautis
praefecit.

Scaena I.

Aegyptius

Philippus

Menexenus

Alexander

Cresius

Ceterl nautae

nautae.

Scaena II.
Naupactous 1
Proxenus > nautae
Rhodius

Circe: maga.
Ancillae quattuor.
Minister.
Coquus.
Servus alius.

SCAENA PRIMA. IN LITORE INSULAE.

In saxo stat Eurylochus; circum eum vlgintl nautae, alil humi
sedent, alil stant; omnes murmurant.

Eur. Nollte ducem nostrum culpare!

Aeg. At quis nos in Insulam desertam diixit?

Cet. Responde, O Euryloche! Nonne Ullxes?

Eur. Sane, magnus Ullxes vos hiic diixit; sed nollte illum

culpare !
Phi. Ciir non oportet nos illum culpare?

DATIVE WITH COMPOUNDS

429. Verbs compounded with ante, ob, prae, and sub fre-
quently have a dependent noun or pronoun in the dative case.
Legioni praeest, he is in command of the legion.

a. If the simple verb from which the compound is
formed would take an object, the compound verb may
take both the accusative and the dative: Eurylochum
nautis praefeci, I placed Eurylochus in command of the
sailors.

187

188  

Cet. Responde, O Euryloche. Ctir non oportet nos illum

culpare?
Eur. Quia di immortales [palmds tollit] nos et illum in haec

perlcula addtixerunt. 10

Men. Sl dl Ullxem non amant, non jam noster erit dux.
Cet. Recte dlcis; non jam noster erit dux.
Ale. [ventrem tangit.] Esurio ; da mihi cibum, Euryloche !
Omnes. Esurlmus; da nobls cibum, Euryloche!
Eur. Nonne magnanimus Ullxes in medias silvas iit, quia

cibum nobls petere volebat?
Cre. Num hoc credis? Nos quidem hoc non credimus.
Omnes. Non credimus. Immo vero nos deseruit.
Aeg. Sl feras arcti occldet, ipse eas edet.
Omnes. Ipse carnem edet avium et bestiarum. 20

Phi. Nihil nobls referet. Hoc pro certo habeo.
Omnes. Nihil nobls referet. Hoc pro certo habemus.
Eur. O stultl; fidelis est noster dux; credite illl!
Men. [qul circum se spectat.] Hominem qul advenit, video.
Cet. Hostisne an amlcus venit?
Men. Nescio; adhiic procul abest.

[Alil nautae nunc stant.]

Ale. Ecce, de summo colle descendit.

Cet. Quo habitii est? Quae vestlmenta, quae arma portat?

b. The dative is sometimes used with compounds of
ad, circum, com, in, inter, post, pro, super. If the
compounds of ad and in denote motion the accusative
with ad or in is regularly used instead of the dative.

ABLATIVE OF DESCRIPTION

430. The ablative modified by an adjective is sometimes
used to describe a person or thing. Homo magnd virtute, a
man of (literally with) great courage.

a. The genitive modified by an adjective is also used
to describe a person or thing. In many phrases, such as

 189

Cre. Arcum sagittasque fert; recta ad nos venit.

Omnes. Ulixes est. 30

Aeg. Quid umeris portat?

Phi. Carnem nobls affert.

Omnes. O magnanimum Ulixem! O optimum ducem!

Ulixis Vox. Cervum sagitta occldl. Cibum vobls affero.

Carnem edemus omnes.
Omnes. Io, Io! O magnanimum Ullxem! O optimum

ducem !
Eur. Ligna petite, nautae! Properate vos !

[Dum Ulixes appropinquat, nautae ligna per lltus
petunt et in medio cumulant.]

Men. Remum fractum invenl, qul in lltore jacebat.
Ale. Siccos ramos affero, qui de arbore ceciderunt. 40

Cre. fGrave est id quod portamus; gubernaculum ferimus
Aeg. \ navis nostrae, quod mare in lltus jecit.
Pm. Rostrum navis repperi; ecce, Minervae imaginem
undae perdiderunt; eam vix possum agnoscere.
[Ulixes apparet et cervum humi deponit.]

Eur. Salve, Ullxes! Nautae, ignem accendite!

Cet. Non possumus ignem accendere. O callidissime om-

nium hominum [Ulixi hoc dicunt] } hoc pro nobls

fac, quia esurlmus et quam prlmum cenare volumus.
Eur. [Dum Ulixes ligna confricat et ignem accendit.] Nunc

callidus et magnanimus est is qui nuper pessimus 50

ducum erat et Infldissimus.
[Ulixes in saxo considit; nautae in summo igne cervum totum

ponunt. Tum circum Ulixem et ignem se disponunt.]

the example given above, either the genitive or the abla-
tive may be used. But physical traits are usually
denoted by the ablative, and measure is always denoted
by the genitive. The expression a four-foot wall will be
translated murus quattuor pedum (a wall offourfeet).

190  

Uli. Per silvam errabam, cum hunc cervum haud procul

vldl —
Men. Dulcis est fumus.
Uli. Me post arborem celavl —

Ale. [sonitum labrls facit.] Dulcem carnem jam gusto.
Uli. Ventus adversus flabat; non igitur me olfacere cervus

poterat.
Cre. Carnem equidem olfacio dulcissimam.
Uli. Sagittam arcumque paravl. 60

Aeg. Nos quidem convivium paramus.
Uli. Sagitta prlma cervl frontem transflxl. Nonne magna

et pulchra sunt cornua, O Euryloche?
Phi. Magna et pulchra erit cena.
Men. Jam certe tostus est cervus. Licetne mihi statim

edere?
Omnes. Statim edere volumus.

Uli. Edite, comites! Gaudeo quod non jam esurietis.
Eur. Vorate, vos qul suibus estis similes; nihil nisi cena

cibusque vobls in mentem venit. 70

[Nautae cervum dlvidunt et carnem vorant;
interea Ulixes narrat.]

THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

431. The comparative and superlative of English adjectives
regularly end in -er and -est: long, longer, longest.

In Latin the comparative regularly ends in -ior f or the mascu-
line and feminine and -ius for the neuter, and the superlative
in -issimus, -issima, -issimum, declined like bonus.

POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

latus

latior, latius

latissimus, -a, -um

wide

wider

widest

fortis

fortior, fortius

fortissimus, -a, -um

brave

braver

bravest

fellx (gen. felicis)

fellcior, fellcius

fellcissimus, -a, -um

happy

happier

happiest

191

Uli. Postquam cervum occldl, circum me spectare coepl.

Haud procul inter arbores apparebat tectum

domus. Ftimus inde ascendebat.
Ale. Sine dubio torrebant carnem.

Cet. Caro dulcis est! Libenter iterum carnem gustamus.
Cre. Nonne usque ad domum Ivistl, O dux?
Uli. Minime; comitum mihi in mentemvenit fames. Ad

vos igitur quam primum praedam meam rettull.
Aeg. Cras ad illam domum Ibimus. Quid censetis, comites?
Cet. Placet ; ad eum locum Ibimus.
Men. Fortasse ibi multam carnem et bene tostam in-

veniemus.
Eur. Glandes saltem in silva invenietis.

80

SCAENA SECUNDA. IN ATRIO CIRCAE.

Nemo in dtrio adest; sed per jdnuam quae d dextrd est nunc
feminds quae rldent, nunc sues qul edunt audltis. A
sinistrd intrant Ulixes et Eurylochus et tres nautae,
Naupactous, Proxenus, Rhodius.

Nau. Ubi sunt comites nostrl?

Pro. Eos qu5s perdidimus, neque video neque audio.

Rho. At voces audio.

Eur. Sane, feminas quae rldent audls.

Nau. Nonne sues audltis, comites, qul edunt?

DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES

432. The comparatives are third declension adjectives, and
are declined as f ollows :

Singular

Plural

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

latior

latius

latiores

latiora

Gen.

latioris

latioris

latiorum

latiorum

Dat.

latiorl

latiorl

latioribus

latioribus

Acc.

latiorem

latius

latiores, -Is

latiora

Abl.

latiore

latiore

latioribus

latioribus

192  

Pro. Silete, femina nunc cantat.

Uli. Circe, maga, pessima feminarum, cantat quia nostros

comites perdidit. 90

Rho. Nonne nos etiam perdet?
Uli. Priores eam oppugnabimus.
Nau. At sl baculum illud agitabit, nonne mortul nos omnes

cademus?
Uli. Si mihi parebitis et omnia quae nunc imperabo

facietis, eam vincemus.
Eur. Tibi parebimus, O dux noster, vir callide! Quid

imperas?
Nautae. Tibi parebimus nos omnes.

Uli. Apud hanc feminam nollte edere, nollte bibere. 100

Omnes. Nihil hlc edemus, nihil bibemus.
Uli. Etiam sl ego cibum et poculum accipiam, vos nolite

idem facere.
Rho. Cur hoc tibi licet quod nos facere vetas?
Uli. Hunc quem teneo florem Mercurius mihi dedit.
Pro. Quo modo te defendere hic flos potest?
Uli. Dum hunc florem olf acio, Circe me laedere non poterit.
Eur. Silete omnes; aliquem enim audio qul januam aperit.
Uli. Mementote id quod imperavl, et parete!

[Intrat Circe cum ancillls quattuor.]

Cir. Salve, O Ullxes. 110

Anc. I. Salve, O Euryloche.
Anc. II. Salve, O Naupactoe.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES IN -ER

433. Adjectives ending in -er in the positive form the super-
lative by adding -rimus, -rima, -rimum to the nominative
singular of the masculine instead of using the ending -issimus.

pulcher pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus, -a, -um

miser miserior, miserius miserrimus, -a, -um

 193

Anc. III. Salve, O Proxene.

Anc. IV. Salve, O Rhodl.

Uli. Salve, O reglna. Te, quae meum nomen scis, quo

modo vocabo?
Eur. [ancillae I.] Quo modo nomen meum scls?
Nau. [ancillae II.] Quo modo nomen meum scls?
Pro. [ancillae III.] Quo modo nomen meum scls?
Rho. [ancillae IV.] Quo modo nomen meum scls? 120

Cir. Salvete, omnes advenae! Nomen meum nollte rogare,

sed vlnum meum bibite et carnes meas edite.

[Manibus plaudit.]

[Intrat minister qul qulnque pocula fert.]

Min. Adsum, O reglna.

Ancillae. Da nobls pocula. [E manibus ministrl quattuor

pocula accipiunt. Circe manibus plaudit. Intrat

servus qul amphoram fert.]
Ser. Adsum, O reglna !
Cir. Appropinqua, serve ! [Dum baculum supra amphoram

agitat, venenum in vlnum demittit.] Tibi, O Juppiter,

vlnum consecro.
Uli. [nautls.] Cavete vlnum. [Servus vlnum in pocula

fundit.]
Ser. [voce sonora.] Aurea mlrifico complevi pocula vlno. 130

SPECIAL ADJECTIVES IN -LIS

434. The following adjectives in -lis form the superlative by
replacing the genitive ending of the positive with -limus:
facilis, difficilis, similis, dissimilis, humilis.

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

facilis facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um

similis similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um

a. Other adjectives in -lis form their superlatives regu-
larly with -issimus.

194  

Cir. Mihi da poculum, O minister.

Min. [voce sonord.] Te vel 1 callidiorem hoc vlnum reddet,

Ullxes.
Uli. Tum ero tam callidus quam vulpes.
Cir. Hoc tibi promitto. Accipe, O rex. Reglna tibi vlnum

offert.
Anc. I. Accipe, O Euryloche; ancilla reglnae tibi vlnum

offert.
Anc. II. Accipe, O Naupactoe; ancilla reglnae tibi vlnum

offert. 140

Anc. III. Accipe, O Proxene; ancilla reglnae tibi vlnum

offert.
Anc. IV. Accipe, O Rhodl ; ancilla reglnae tibi vlnum offert.

[Viri d feminis pocula accipiunt. Rhodius se post
columnam celat.]

Uli. Oculos mihi advertite. [Intered Eurylochus et
Naupactous et Proxenus vlnum huml effundunt,
sed Rhodius bibit.] Vlnum bibo, gratus quia nos
advenas tam benigne excepistl, O reglna. [Florem
olfacit, dum vlnum bibit. Omnes Ulixem diu
spectant.]

Uli. Quid spectatis? Bonum est vlnum quod hospitibus
das, O reglna; dl tibi praemium meritum dabunt.

Cir. [baculum agitat.] Vulpes eris! Hoc impero.

ADJECTIVES COMPARED IRREGULARLY

435. The

following important

adjectives are

compared

irregularly :

bonus

melior, melius

optimus, ¦

-a, -um

malus

pejor, pejus

pessimus,

-a, -um

magnus

major, majus»

maximus,

-a, -um

multus

, pliis

plurimus,

-a, -um

parvus

minor, minus

minimus,

-a, -um

1 Even.

 195

Uli. Quid facis? Quid dlcis? [Ridet.] Eia! Nunc intel- 150

lego; tam callidus sum quam vulpes.
Anc. I. Placetne tibi vlnum, Euryloche? Nonne aliquid

sentls?
Eur. Dulce est hoc vlnum.

Anc. II. Et tu, Naupactoe, quid dicis?
Nau. Numquam antea tam dulce vlnum bibi.

Anc. III. Nonne optimum est vlnum, O Proxene?
Pro. Nectar est, dls idoneum, [sibi dicit] sed non ho-

minibus.
Anc. IV. Tibine gratum est vlnum, O Rhodl?

[Rhodius suis sonitum facit et sui similis ex atrio currit,
Ulixes nihil videt.]

Nau. Vidistlne suem qul ex atrio currebat? 160

Pro. Ubi est Rhodius? Multum timeo.

Eur. Ullxl credite.

Uli. At aliquid mihi in mentem venit, O reglna. Aliine

hlc adsunt apud te hospites?
Cir. Multas bestias apud me habeo, sed homines nullos.
Uli. Ante hos duos dies 2 comites mel, nautae, ad tuam

domum venerunt, quia esuriebant.
Cir. Ita est. Illls cibum dedl; homines brevi hinc dis-

cesserunt.

FORMATION OF ADVERBS

436. Most adverbs are formed from adjectives. Those
derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions
regularly end in -e. Those derived from adjectives of the third
declension regularly end in -ter or -iter.

latus, wide late, widely

fortis, brave fortiter, bravely

audax (gen. audacis), bold audacter, boldly

prudens, prudent prudenter, prudently

1 Two days ago.

196  

Ancillae. [rident.] Sues tamen apud nos manent. 170

Natjtae. Quid dicere vultis? Non sues erant comites quos
perdidimus, sed virT.

[Circe manibus plaudit. Intrat coquus qul carnes
in patera fert.]

Coq. Adsum, O reglna.

Cir. Quid affers?

Coq. [voce sonora.] Ambrosiam hospitibus dulcem fellcibus

offers.
Cir. Bibistis, hospites! Nunc edite!
Uli. [nautis.] Cavete carnes.
Cir. [baculum supra carnes agitat.] Tibi, O Juppiter,

carnes consecro. [Deinde Ulixi offert. Omnes iso

carnem manibus accipiunt.]
Uli. [subito clamat.] Ubi est Rhodius? [Dum omnes cir-

cumspectant, nautae carnes rejiciunt.]
Anc. IV. Ex atrio fugit — [parva voce] — stis. [Rident ancil-

lae.]
Uli. Carnem edo et tibi, O reglna, gratias ago.

[Omnes diu spectant.]

Cir. [baculum agitat.] Tandem vulpes eris! Hoc impero
ego cui nomen est Circe.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

437. The comparative of an adverb is the same as the
neuter comparative of the corresponding adjective. The
superlative of an adverb is f ormed by changing the ending -us
of the superlative of the corresponding adjective to -e.

POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE

SUPERLATIVE

late (from latus)

latius

latissime

acriter (from acer)

acrius

acerrime

facile (from facilis)

facilius

facillime

 197

Uli. [magno rlsu.] Te agnosco, femina dls hominibusque
Infesta, improba maga. Nihil efficere potes. [Gla-
dium stringit.] Te et tuas ancillas occidam, quia
tot homines jam perdidistis.

Cir. Ignosce mihi, O optime rex! Non iterum homines 190
laedam, si mihi ignosces.

Uli. Sl te occidam, hoc pro certo habebo.

Eur. Ubi sunt nostri comites? Jube eam, O Ullxes, hoc
dlcere.

Cir. Sl tibi hoc dlcam, nonne ignoscere vls?

Uli. Sl hoc facies, vlves.

Cir. [baculum agitat.] O sues, qul comites Ullxis fuistis,
este iterum homines !

[Intrant ceterl nautae, qul comites salutant.]

Uli. Noll iterum hominem in bestiae formam mutare!

Hoc jtira! 200

Cir. Hoc juro.

Ancillae [lacrimant.] Hoc jtiramus, quod domina juravit.
Uli. Ablte, miserae.

[Feminae discedunt; nautae gaudent.]

finis fabulae.

irregular adverbs

438. The following adverbs are compared irregularly or are
from adjectives of irregular comparison.:

POSITIVE

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

bene, well

melius optime

male, badly

pejus pessime

magnopere, greatly

magis maxime

multum, much

pliis plurimum

parum, little

minus minime

The comparison of adverbs is still further explained in

,he Appendix, Sections 17 and 18.

POLYPHEMUS

Personae

Ulixes.
Nautae XII.
Polyphemus.

Alii Cyclopes.
Aries et oves.

SCAENA PRIMA. IN ANTRO POLYPHEMI.

A dextrd ovilia; d sinistrd calathi cdseo pleni et crdterae lacte
plenae; d tergo saxum post quool nautae se celant.
Ulixes et nautae antrum Polyphemi intrant.

Uli. Ecce! in caverna ingentl sumus. Sine dubio

Cyclopis domus est quem ntiper vldimus.
Nauta I. Sine dubio ejus caverna est. Tantum monstrum

ego numquam vidl.
N. II. Homini dissimilis videtur.
N. III. Unum modo oculum in media fronte habet.
N. IV. Oves et capros in agris pascebat.
Omnes. Sine dubio in hoc antro habitat.
Uli. Ita: nam hiic spectate, viri; nonne videtis illos

calathos caseo plenos? et ovllia in quibus agnl 10

sunt et haedl? et haud procul crateras conspicio

lacte plenas.
N. V. Certe, avidus est, sl haec omnia edere potest!
N. VI. Fortasse nos quoque comedere cupiet, O domine.
N. VII. Redlre ad lltus quam prlmum 1 optimum erit.
N. VIII. Mihi quoque id optimum videtur. Sed caseum

noblscum auferemus et agnos paucos haedosque.

Nam cibum non habemus multum in navibus.
Uli. Nolo jam redlre, viri. Melius erit hic manere et

dona rogare cum Polyphemus redlbit. 20

1 As soon as possible.

198

 199

N. IX. Temerarius est Ulixes. Nos omnes perlbimus.
Uli. Cenam parate, nautae. Cum cenaverimus, forte
ille domum redlbit.

[Nautae cenam parare incipiunt.]

N. X. Heimihi! Quid audio? Ipse appropinquat.
N. XI. Fugite, amlci. Vae miserls nobls.
Uli. Venlte mecum, virl. In intimam cavernam nos
recipiemus.

[Virl se post saxum celant, unde Polyphemum spectant.]

Adestne ille?

Jam jam gregem in cavernam agit.

Quid nunc facit? 30

Agnos et haedos extra januam reliquit: sed oves

intra cavernam ducit.
Ciir tam obsctira caverna fit?
Janua jam clausa est, nam saxum magnum ante

januam posuit.

CONJUGATION OF FIO

439. The verb fio, become, be made, is used as the passive
of facio, which has no passive forms of its own in the present,
imperfect, and future. It is conjugated as follows in the
present, imperfect, and future indicative.

N.

I.

N.

II.

N.

III.

N.

IV.

N.

V.

N.

VI.

PRESENT

IMPERFECT

FUTURE

Singidar Plural

Singular Plural

Singular Plural

flo

flebam fiebamus

flam fiemus

f Is

flebas flebatis

fles fietis

fit flunt

flebat flebant

flet flent

a. The principal parts are fio, fieri, factus sum.

b. The perfect, past perfect, and future perfect are
formed regularly with the past participle factus and the
forms of sum. Factus sum, factus eram, factus ero, etc.

200  

N. VII. Quid Cyclops nunc agit?

N. VIII. Oves et capras mulget.

N. IX. Nonne ignem nunc accendit? Flammae hlcem dant.

N. X. Tacete amlci. Nos audiet. 40

Pol. Hem! Quid audio? Quis adest? [viros videt] Ohe!
Qul estis, advenae? Unde venistis?

N. XI et XII. Hei mihi! Quid nos agere poterimus?

Uli. Nollte timere, amici. Ego pro omnibus respon-
debo, et fortasse benigne nos tractabit. Graecl
sumus, qui Troja venlmus et domum mare
transimus. Sed Juppiter, qul nobls Iratus est,
ventos et undas nos a via prohibere sinit.
Itaque ad tuam Insulam invlti venimus. Sed
benignus es, 1 O hospes, nam supplices tui sumus. 50
Sl tu auxilium nobls dederis, dl te remiinera-
buntur.

Pol. Stultus es, aut procul ab hac terra habitas, sl me
talem esse putas. Deos enim nos Cyclopes
neque veneramur neque timemus. Gratissima

DEPONENT VERBS

440. A deponent verb is one which is passive in form but
active in meaning. Its principal parts are passive forms.
The endings of the present infinitives of deponent verbs of
the four conjugations are as follows:

I II III IV

-ari -eri -1 -Iri

a. Examples of the conjugation of deponent verbs are
given in Section 33 of the Appendix. Their forms are
exactly the same as those of the passive voice of the model
verbs before given, except that deponents have the active
form for the future infinitive. Remuneror in line 51
is conjugated like the passive of porto, except that
its future infinitive is remuneraturus esse.

See Section 340.

201

autem cena mihi eritis, tu et nautae tui. Duos
enim mane et duos vesperl edam donec omnes
mortui eritis. [Diws captos occldit et comedit.]

SCAENA SECUNDA. IN EODEM LOCO.

Ulixes cbnsilium init.

Postridie mdne Ulixes et octb nautae in antrb sedent

et inter se loquuntur.

Polyphemus, qui dubs nautas hodie comedit, exiit.

Nautae Omnes. Vae nobis miserls! ad patriam nostram

numquam redlbimus.
N. V. Crudelior Cyclops est quam fera; duos nostrum

herl, duos hodie comedit, et mox omnes ad tinum

devorabit.
Uli. Nollte desperare, virl; dl nos etiam nunc juvare

possunt, et ego ipse consilium inlre incipio.
N. VI. Tua consilia nobls non placent; nam propter te

amlci nostrl quattuor miserrime perierunt.
Omnes. Vlsne Cyclopem, dum noctti dormit, occldere, O

domine?
Uli. Id facere volo: sed etiam sl eum internciam, nos

ex antro per clausam januam effugere non

poterimus.
Omnes. Quam priidens dominus noster est! Sed quid nos

facere jam possumus?
Uli. Audlte me. Baculum longum quod Cyclops huml

rellquit conspicio. Id acuemus, et in igne adure-

mus. Vesperl, cum Polyphemus redierit, vlnum

el dabo; nam — ut meministis — optimum vlnum

mecum hiic attull. Cum ille somno vlnoque

sepultus erit, oculum ejus baculo ardentl extin-

guemus. Tum impotens ille et imbecillus flet.
Omnes. Sapientissimum consilium est. Omnes te adjuva-

bimus.

70

80

202  

Uli. Cras, ubi janua aperta erit, cum ovibus nos quoque
exibimus. Slc ad litus et naves tandem effugere
poterimus.

Omnes. Omnium pnldentissimus dominus noster est.

SCAENA TERTIA. IN EODEM LOCO.

Polyphemi oculum Graecl extinguunt.
Vcsperi: Ulixes et octb nautae Polyphemum expectant.

Uli. Paratlne estis, virl? Mox enim redlbit Poly-

phemus.
Nautae. Ita, paratl sumus. Baculum acutum ardensque

habemus. 90

Uli. QuI in oculo Cyclopis baculum mecum contorquere

audebunt? Quattuor ad hunc laborem sorte

eligere optimum erit.
Nautae. Ita vero : id f aciemus.

N. VII. Hlc est galea, in quam sortes conjicere possumus.
N. VIII. Hlc lapides nonnulll sunt, quos in galeam conjicere

possumus.
N. IX. Ego galeam tenebo et quatiam.

[IV Nautae sortes accipiunt.]

Uli. Et ego qulntus ero. Dl sortes optime rexerunt;

vos enim quattuor ipse deligere cupiebam. 100

N. X. Aliquem audio qui appropinquat !
Omnes. Sine dubio Cyclops ipse adest.
N. XI. Ita, ovium enim balattis audio.
Omnes. Post saxum recipiemus nos, donec ille dormiet.

THE ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT

441. The accusative without a preposition is used to express
extent in space. Puer quinque milia passuum ambulavit,

the boy walked five miles.

 203

[Polyphemus cavernam intrat, oves mulget, duos nauids
captos devorat. Ulixes crdteram vino plenam ei offert.]

Uli. Ecce, Cyclops, vlnum tibi offero. Carnem homi-

num edistl; vlnum nunc bibe : gratissimum est.

[Cyclops bibit.]
Pol. Da mihi iterum bibere. Vinum tuum jucundum

est. Et dic mihi nomen tuum. [Iterum bibit.]
Uli. [Secum] Eum fallere optimum erit.

Pol. Iterum, advena: vlnum tuum me multum 110

delectat. [Iterum bibit.]

Uli. Nomen meum interrogavistl : id non celabo.

“Nemo” nomen meum est: “Neminem” mater

mea paterque et socil omnes me appellant.
Pol. Nemo, pro beneficiis tuls te remunerari cupio.

Postremum igitur te devorabo.
Uli. [secum] Edepol ! Gratias tibi maximas ago. Post-

rema tibi cena ero.

[Polyphemus se huml jacit; mox somnus eum opprimit.
IV Nautae ex intimd cavernd exeunt.]

Nautae. Adestne tempus, domine? Dormitne Cyclops?

Uli. Ita, graviter dormit. Nunc, dl patril, adjuvate nos. 120

[Baculum drdens afferunt, et in oculo Polyphemi vehementer
contorquent. Ille cldmores horribiles tollit, et per antrum
furibundus ruit.]

Pol. Vae mihi! Quid factum est? Quis oculum meum
extlnxit? Ubinam estis, virl?

[Alil Cyclopes extrd cavernam stant.]

Alii Cyc. Cur tantos clamores tollis, Polypheme? Nos
dormlre prohibuistl ! Quis te laedit, aut quis te
occldere temptat?

Pol. Nemo me occldit, amlcl.

204  

Alii Cyc. At si nemo in caverna tecum est, Juppiter fortasse
te laedit. Tu autem patrl tuo Neptuno supplica.

Uli. Ohe virl! dolus meus et nomen simulatum eum

fefellerunt! i3G

N. VII. Quid f acit ille? Quid f acturus est? Potesne videre?

N. VIII. Saxum summovit, et ipse humi ante januam sedet.

N. IX. Nos, dum exlmus, rapere cupit.

Omnes. Quando fugere temptabimus, O domine?

Uli. Prlma hlce, cum oves ad agros exlbunt, nos quoque

cum els exlbimus.

SCAENA QUARTA. IN EODEM LOC6.

In cavernd omnes sedent.

Uli. Festlnate viri! Sol mox surget; deinde nos fugam

capere poterimus.
N. XI. Sed qu5 modo effugiemus, domine? Non intellego.
N. XII. Cyclops enim nos, dum exlmus, capiet. 140

Uli. Singuli homines a ternls arietibus ferentur. Tres

enim arietes colligabo, quorum medius hominem

442. The English verb has only present and past participles.
The Latin verb has also future participles. The futiire active
participle of laudo is laudaturus (-a, -um), translated going
to praise or about to praise.

The future active participle may usually be found by chang-
ing the ending -us of the past passive participle to -urus. It
is declined like the adjective bonus, and must agree in gender,
number, and case with a noun or pronoun, expressed or under-

StOOQ. p as t passive participle Future active participle

(laudo) laudatus laudaturus

(moneo monitus moniturus

(duco) ductus ductiirus

(capio) captus captiirus

(audio) audltus audlturus

a. The future participle of sum is futurus.

 205

unum portabit. Slc omnes ad lltus incolumes
perveniemus. Agite arietes ad me.
N. VII. En callidum consilium!

[Ulixes arietes ternos colligat; singull homines
sub ternls arietibus ligantur.]
N. VIII. Quo modo te ipsum servaturus es?
Uli. Videsne hunc ducem gregis? Multo grandior et

robustior est quam ceteri. Ejus sub ventre
vellus tenebo, et ipse postremus exlbo.
N. IX. Ecce, sol surgit! et oves exlre incipiunt. 150

Omnes. Brevl tempore ad lltus perveniemus. [voce parvd.]
Vale Polypheme!
[Omnes e caverna efferuntur. Ulixes postremus
sequitur. Polyphemus arietem detinet.]
Pol. Quid, Crasse? Tti postremus hodie exls? Id
mlror; nam antehac prlmus mane exlre, prlmus
merldie ad rlvos descendere, prlmus vesperl
domum redlre solebas. Bonus amlcus domini
miseri tul semper fuistl, cujus oculum Nemo
extmxit? En hominem improbum! Sed haud
impune fllium Neptunl caecum effecit!
[Aries tandem alios sequitur. Polyphemus nautas et
Ulixem in cavernd frustrd quaerit.]

FINIS FABULAE.

443. Frequently the f uture active participle is used with
forms of sum. Thus, laudaturus sum, I am going to praise,
moniturus est, he is going to warn.

444. Latin verbs have a future active infinitive formed by
using the future jactive participle with esse. Thus, laudaturus
esse, capturus esse, futurus esse.

When a subject in the accusative is used with a future in-
finitive (Section 409), the participle of the infinitive must agree
with the subject in gender, number, and case.

REDITUS ULIXIS

Personae.

Ulixes, qui Trojd captd domum

redit.
Telemachus: filius Ulixis.
Eumaeus: pdstor.
Minerva: dea.

Scaena I.
Argus: canis Ulixis.

Scaena II.
Penelope: uxor Ulixis.
Antinous : procus.
Amphinomus: procus.
Alii procl.

SCAENA PRIMA. IN LITORE ITHACAE.

A sinistrd stat casa Eumael; prope casam jacet Argus, macer,
Infirmus. A dextra Ulixes huml dormit.

Uli. [se ex somno excitat.] Eheu! Miserrimus hominum
sum. Tot pericula enim passus et tot per terras
et maria vagatus, ignotam tandem in terram a
Phaeacibus allatus sum et hic relictus. [Intrat
Minerva speciem vestesque juvenis gerens.] Ecce
autem! Juvenis adest; ille fortasse me adjuva-
bit. Salve, O amice! Quae terra est haec, quo
adveni? Alienus enim sum, neque litus cognosco.

Min. Amoena est terra omnibusque arboribus et frtictibus

praedita; Ithaca est. 10

Uli. Quid audio? Ithaca enim omnium terrarum mihi
est carissima. Cujus etiam est ista casa? Nonne
Eumael? Quam felix sum! Quam benignl mihi
dl immortales sunt! Vlvitne Eumaeus? Et
Laertes pater meus? Narra mihi de uxore. Re-
sistitne adhuc Penelope procls meumque reditum
expectat?
[Minerva suam formam siimit propriam.]

Min. Ecce, O patiens Ullxes! Dea sum, et te adjuvabo.
Senem squalidum pannosumque te faciam. [In
206

207

Uli.

senem squdlidum pannosumque Ulixem mutat.]
Haec est casa Eumaei, qui semper fidelis te et 20
Penelopam et Telemachum amat. Ille te curabit,
dum ego Spartam abeo, unde Telemachum re-
diicam. Ille enim te petendl causa ante duos
annos ab Ithaca discessit. Cum redierit, tti te
revelabis; deinde, illo adjuvante, procos inter-
ficies. Vale.
O benigna Minerva! nam te agnosco, tibi gratias
ago. [Exit Minerva. Eumaeus ex casa egrealitur.]
Salve, O pastor! Auxilium tuum precor; longum
enim iter perfecl, et multa et diira passus valde 30
esurio.

THE GERUND

445. The Latin gerund is a neuter noun of the second de-
clension. It has no nominative and is used only in the sin-
gular. The gerunds of the four conjugations are as follows:

I.

II.

III.

IV.

Gen.

portandl

monendl

ducendl

audiendi

Dat.

portando

monendo

ducendo

audiendo

Acc.

portandum

monendum

diicendum

audiendum

Abl.

portando

monendo

ducendo

audiendo

a. The genitive is translated of carrying, of warning,
etc. The ablative without a preposition is translated by
carrying or with carrying, etc. The ablative is also used
with prepositions. The accusative is used only with
prepositions. The dative is not often used.

b. It must be remembered that the form in -ing used
to translate the Latin gerund is not a present participle
but an English gerund, or, as it is sometimes called, a
verbal noun. In the sentence I am fond of walking the
word walking is not a participle but a gerund (or verbal
noun).

208  

Eum. Ego etiam senex et miser sum, sed te adjuvabo;
parum tamen cibi habeo, parum opum ex eo die
quo Ullxes Trojam discessit; sed id quod habeo
tibi dabo. Veni mecum in casam.

Uli. Di te servabunt; miser enim ipse miseros adjuvas.
[Ad casam appropinquant; Ullxes canem conspicit.]
Cujus est hic canis?

Eum. Argus vocatur, fidelis UlTxis canis; pridem saga-
cissimus in nostra Insula erat et omnium canum
validissimus qui feras sequuntur. At absentem 40
dominum deslderat, neque longum vitae spatium,
ut credo, ei manet.

[Eumaeus casam intrat.]

Uli. Arge, Arge, nonne tuum dominum agnoscis?

[Canis caput erigit et dominum agnoscit.]

Arg. O care domine, quot post annos rediistl! Eheu!
Sero venls. Semper te amavi, semper expectavl.
Nunc tandem te redeunte gaudeo felixque jam
e vlta excedo. Vale!

Uli. Vale, fidelis canis, vale!

[Argus moritur. Eumaeus ex casa prodit.]

Eum. Cur moraris?

Uli. Canis mortuus est. 50

Eum. Non rursus ergo dominum suum videbit.

Uli. Nonne tu servus Ullxis eras?

Eum. Ita eram, sed numquam iterum eum hls oculls
videbo. Laertes, pater ejus, aetate gravis mox de
vlta discedet. Telemachus procul abest, neque
umquam fortasse domum redlbit. Penelope in
dies 1 miserior lacrimas semper fundit; non tamen
virum desperat. Proci autem improbl illam
precantur: “Memoriam Ullxis depone et alterum
virum e nobls elige.” Illa tamen recusat neque 60

1 Day by day.

 209

cuiquam ex els nubere vult, qul opes domini
nostrl edendo bibendoque vastant, et qul dlcere
audent — O audaciam [impudentem — “Sl Tele-
machus redlbit, eum occldemus.”

Uli. Et mater Ullxis vlvitne adhuc?

Eum. Eheu ! Noll de ea loqul : mortua enim est.

Uli. [lacrimds dissimulat.] At quid tu putas? Redlbitne
Ullxes annon?

Eum. Numquam : certe mortuus est.

Uli. Non vera dlcis; ipse enim eum vldl, dum in Insula 70
Creta erro. Vlvus mox domum redlbit. Quid
audio? Aliquis appropinquat — amlcus, ut vide-
tur, non enim ululant canes.

[Intrat Telemachus.]

Eum. Salve, O Telemache! quam fellx sum! Saepe enim
mecum dlxl: “Telemachum reductum numquam
videbo.”

Tel. Et tu, salve, O fidelis Eumaee! Quid novl de Ullxe
mihi dlces? Equidem enim nihil de eo audlvl.

Eum. Heu! Heu! Neque ego. Hic senex tamen, ut dlcit,

eum in Insula Creta vldit; noll autem el credere; so
non enim credibilem f abulam narrat. Ego autem
magno cum gaudio ad atrium curram tuum redi-
tum nuntiandl causa. Tu hlc mane et cum sene
cibo vlnoque vlres renova!

DECLENSION

OF QUISQUAM

446. quisquam, anyone

Masculine and Feminine

Neuter

Nom.

quisquam

quicquam (quidquam)

Gen.

cujusquam

cujusquam

Dat.

cuiquam

cuiquam

Acc.

quemquam

quicquam (quidquam)

Abl.

quoquam

quoquam

{Plural lacking)

210  

[Eumaeus exit. Apparet Minerva, quam solus Ulixes
videt et audit.]

Tel. [mortuum Argum conspicit.] Mortuus jacet Argus,
qui dominum suum iterum videndl causa tot
annos vlxit. Frustra ad summam senectutem
diiravistl.

Min. Nunc, O Ullxes, tempus est! Te fllio revela. Con-

silio capto, omnes procos interficies. Te igitur 90
ex sene rursus in juvenem mtitabo. Fortis es!
Vale!
[Minerva Ullxem in juvenem mutat et exit.]

Tel. [se vertit.] Eia tu, quis es, qul modo senex, modo

juvenis fls? Certe Proteus vel alius deorum im-

mortalium.
Uli. Non deus sum, ml flll! Nonne patrem agnovistl?
Tel. Non credo; mortuus enim est pater meus neque

iterum eum videbo.
Uli. Nequaquam mortuus, sed vlvus domum redil.

Minerva ipsa me mutavit. 100

Tel. O pater carissime ! [se amplectuntur.] Quam gratus

mihi redls, quam procls odiosus ! At unde venls?

quo modo hiic venistl? Ciir ita moratus es?

Narra mihi, te precor.

ORDINAL NUMERALS

447. Ordinal numerals are used to number objects in
order, as in a row or series, as first, second, third, etc. The
first twenty Latin ordinals are as follows:

prlmus qulntus

secundus sextus

tertius septimus

quartus octavus

 211

Uli. Mox tibi et omnibus perlcula mea narrabo. Nunc
autem tempus est dellberare; ego et tu soll procos
interficiemus.

Tel. At enim multi sunt ; quid.nos tam paucl possumus?

Uli. Veni mecum ad atrium. Crede dls; Minerva et

Juppiter nobls auxilium dabunt. 110

[Ulixes iterum in senem mendicum mutdtur et cum
Telemacho exit.]

SCAENA SECUNDA. IN ATRIO ULIXIS

A tergo sedet Penelope, quae telam lente texit. Ab utraque
manu accumbunt proci; alii edunt, alii bibunt. Prope
Penelopam in muro pendet arcus Ulixis. Intrat d
sinistrd Eumaeus.

Eum. Audlte, O reglna et prlncipes, Telemachus enim ad
Ithacam rediit, et mox ad atrium adveniet.

Pen. Quid novl de Ullxe refert?

Eum. Eheu! Non illum vldit; nihil de illo audlvit. Sed
noll tamen lacrimare, cara domina; gaudere enim
nunc melius erit, quod fllius tuus salvus rediit.

Pen. Haud tamen lacrimas retinere possum, quia nunc
post reditum Telemachl necesse est mihi virum
ex procls eligere.

nonus quintus decimus

decimus sextus decimus

undecimus septimus decimus

duodecimus duodevlcesimus

tertius decimus undevlcesimus

quartus decimus ‘ vlcesimus

a. The ordinals are declined as adjectives of the first
and second declensions. Thus, primus, prima, primum,
etc. Compound ordinals, such as tertius decimus, have
both parts deciined.

212  

Etjm. Crede autem dls, O reglna! Etiam nunc fortasse 120
Ullxes redlbit. [Exit Eumaeus a sinistra.]

Ant. Quam molestus nobls est Telemachus!

Pro. Sine dubio ex atrio nos fugabit.

Ant. Quid censetis, amlcl mel? Nonne eum occldere
debemus?

Pro. Verum dlcis, O Antinoe; eum occldemus.

Amph. Nollte, O amlcl, sanguinem effundere. Hoc enim
facere semper nefas est, et nos poenas dabimus.

Pen. Quam generosus es, O Amphinome! Tii enim solus

me adjuvas. 13C

Pro. Consilium capiemus; interficietur Telemachus.

Pen. O crudeles, O ingratl vos quibus Ullxes bene f aciebat !
Nonne estis memores? Tuum enim patrem, O
Antinoe, a populo e regno expulsum Ullxes non
solum protexit sed etiam restituit. Nunc autem
non satis est tibi illlus atrium spoliare et uxorem
contumelia afficere, sed cupis etiam fllium ipsum
occldere.

[Intrat a sinistra Telemachus.]

Tel. Salve, O mater mea!

Pen. Salve, O care flll! [se amplectuntur.] Narra mihi hc
de erroribus tuls. Quid novl audlvistl?

Tel. Eheu! Quamquam multos homines de patre
rogavl, nemo tamen eum aut vlvum aut mortuum
vlderat. Menelaus autem semper iterabat : ^NolI
metuere; Ulixes enim redlbit et procos occldet.”

Pen. Quam fellx ero, sl hoc flet. Nunc enim, ut promlsl,
necesse est mihi odioso cuidam nubere.

[Intrat Ulixes speciem senis mendld gerens, cum
Eumaeo.]

Tel. Veni, O senex, accipe panem !

Uli. Maximas tibi gratias ago, O benigne juvenis.

 213

Amph. Quis est ille? Semper mendlcis bene facere fas est. 150

Venl, O mendlce, panem accipe !
Uli. Dl te servabunt, O princeps, quisquis es.
Ant. [Eumaeo.] Expelle hunc impudentem! [Ulixi.]

Heus tii, quare alienum atrium invocatus intras?

nisi exlbis te feriam.
Uli. O optime, misericordiam precor. Ipse enim olim

tam dlves eram quam tu, et miserls hominibus

semper benignus.
Ant. Vapulabis, impudentissime ! Apage!
Uli. Superbus es. Cave autem; mors enim numquam 160

procul abest.
Ant. Accipe plagas. [Ulixem ferit.]
Amph. Noll ferlre senem, O Antinoe; fortasse enim deus

est dissimulatus et nos piiniet.
Pen. O crudelem hominem! Quando Ulixes redlbit!
Tel. Cave, Antinoe; tii mox mortuus huml jacebis.
Ant. Nunc tempus est edere et bibere; hac nocte enim,

quia Telemachus jam rediit, Penelope virum e

nobls eliget. Quis nostrum, O cara reglna, gra-

tissimus tibi esse videtur? 170

Pen. Amatores dona offerre debent, non spoliare.
Pro. Ecce! Dona tibi offerimus. Quis optimum dat?

[Quisque dona ante Penelopam offert.]
Pen. Omnia pariter splendida sunt; sed superest vobis

DECLENSION OF QUISQUE

Neuter

quidque

cujusque

cuique

quidque

quoque

448.

quisque, each

Masculine

Feminine

Nom.

quisque

quaeque

Gen.

cujusque

cujusque

Dat.

cuique

cuique

Acc.

quemque

quamque

Abl.

quoque

quaque
(Plural rare)

214  

nunc novissimum certamen. In atrio pendet
arens Ullxis. Quis vestrum eum flectere, nervum
aptare, sagittam per circulos duodecim mittere
potest? Omnibus quidem temptare licet, neque
recusabitis. Deinde ei tandem nubam qui id
facere poterit quod vir meus haud difficulter
faciebat. Incipite! Eumaee, deme arcum, ner- iso
vum, sagittam! [Exit Penelope d tergo.]

Pro. Heu! Heu! Haud facile erit nobls hoc facere, qul
edendo, bibendo, dormiendo, tam debiles factl
sumus.

Ant. Fortes este! Necesse est temptare; nisi tempta-
bimus, Achaei ita dlcent: “Ubi est virtus eorum
qui Penelopam in matrimonium ducere volunt?”
Nec frustra equidem, ut puto, temptabo. Heus,
Eumaee, da mihi arcum.

[Antinous condtur nervum arcul aptdre; ne flectere

quidem arcum potest.
Dum ceterl procl temptant, Ullxes Eumaeum retrahit.]

Uli. Noli exclamare; sed audi quod dlcam. Ullxes in 190
hoc atrio adest; ego enim sum Ullxes. Nonne
credis? Specta igitur signum quod in crtire
semper habeo.

Eum. O care domine ! signum enim haud dubium agnosco.
Fugam pete, precor; nisi fugies, proci mox te
occldent.

Uli. Noli timere, sed auxilium mihi da. Refer mihi
arcum meum; ego enim solus eum flectere possum
et sagittas per circulos mittere. Si modo arcum
manibus mels tenebo, leto merito procos mox 200
piiniam.

Eum. [proco qul arcum jam tenet.] Redde mihi arcum;
mendlcus enim temptare vult.

Pro. Quam rldiculus est ille mendlcus! Nugas aufer’

 215

Ant. Si mendlcus poterit, Achael ita dlcent: “Senex
validior est quam Penelopae amatores.”

Tel. Meus est arcus; redde mihi; etiam mendlco licet
vlres ostendere.

[Ulixes arcum accipit et flectere incipit.]

Pro. Quam apte arcum tractat ! Quam validos monstrat

lacertos! Solus arcum flectere potest. Ecce! 2ic
nunc nervo sagittam aptat. Quam perlte arcum
intendit! Nunc mittitur sagitta. Edepol, omnes
per circulos volavit.

Uli. Jam alio cursu sagittas mittam. Ego sum Ullxes.
Mors tibi adest, Antinoe odiose! [Antinoum
sagittd transfigit.] Slc morieminl omnes procl,
qul tam diti meum atrium foedavistis.

Pro. Eheu! Mortuus est Antinous. Quo modo effugere
poterimus? [Procz fugere conantur.]

Uli. Eumaee, claude januam! [Eumaeus januam claudit.] 220

Amph. [ante pedes Ulixis se jacit.] Mihi quidem ignosce,
O Ullxes! ego enim semper te amo et odl procos.

Uli. Ciir meo in atrio mansistl? Morieris, stulte! [Am-
phinomum transfigit.] Telemache, ml flll, et Eu»
maee, state prope me et auxilium date! Nos
tres illos sceleratos interficiemus. [Telemachus
Eumaeusque arma rapiunt et se Ulixi socios
jungunt.] O dl benignl, renovate mihi vlres,
membra mea robusta reddite!
[Intrat Minerva militi similis } arma et tela gerens.
Prope Ulixem adstat.]

Min. Fortis es, O Ullxes! Fortiina fortibus favet. Ego

pro te pugnabo. 230

[Procos singulos occidunt; omnes mortui humi jacent;
intrat Penelope et Ulixem agnoscit.]

Posted in Latin Lessons.


Latin I (Section VIII)

HGRATIUS

Note. — New words occurring in this play and the following plays will
be found in the complete Vocabulary, pages 323-352

Personae

Porsena: rerc Etruscorum.

Sextus Tarquinius : fllius Tarquinil

Swperbl.
Mamilius: rex Tusculi, socius Por-

sennae.

Scaena I.
Tarquinius Superbus: rex Romano-

rum, exul.
Vigiles: Etrusci.
Duces Mllitum: Etrusci.

Scaena II.

Valerius 1
Pulvillus/
Horatius Cocles 1
Spurius Lartius \
Titus Herminius

consules Romdni.

sendtores
Romani

Vigil Secundus /
Cives : Romdni
Mllites: Etrusci.

SCAENA PRIMA. IN CASTRIS ETRUSCORUM

Vesperl. Porsena ante tabernaculum suum stat; a dextra
Mamilius; a sinistra Tarquinius Superbus; a tergo
Sextus Tarquinius. Ante Porsenam duces mllitum

imperata expectant. Longe d dextra stant vigiles; hl

Romam prospectant.

Por. Bene pugnavistis hodie, O duces, vos et milites

Etrusci.
Duc. Gratias tibi agimus, rex maxime; pro patria et pro

te pugnavimus.
Por. Quo nomine hic mons appellatur, ubi jam castra

posuimus?
Sex. Janiculum vocatur hic mons.
Sup. Janiculum habemus; facile erit Romam capere.

163

164  

Por. Quo modo Janiculum cepistl, Mamill? Narra nobls !

Duc. Bene nos duxit Mamilius, O rex maxime! 10

Por. Hoc scio; attendite animum et audlte !

Mam. O rex maxime, Janiculum tenebat Pulvillus consul
. cum centum mllitibus; juvenis est et malus dux;
male imperat, neque Romanl illl parere volunt. At
diti nobls resistebant; neque facile erat illud par-
vum agmen de monte pellere. Tandem centum
mllites circum montem mlsl; hl a tergo Romanos
subito oppugnaverunt. Pulvillus pavidus tergum
vertit; cum qulnquaginta hominibus effugit;
ceteros occldimus. Ille, tertius in ordine ducum 20
[ducem quendam indicat], prlmus in summum
montem pervenit. Hostes illum vulneraverant et
signiferum occlderant. Statim ille signum e dextra
mortui rapuit et in summo monte posuit.

Por. Benefecistl, Mamill; bene fecerunt tui mllites. Tii,
dux vulnerate, huc venl! [Dux tertius appropin-
quat.] Accipe hoc praemium! [Armillam bracchio

VOCATIVE OF NOUNS IN -IUS

389. Proper nouns ending in -ius, and also the common
noun filius, form the vocative by replacing the ending -ius of
the nominative by -1. Thus, Cornelius, vocative Corneli.

DECLENSION OF QUIDAM

390.

quldam, a

certain

Singular

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

quldam

quaedam

quiddam (quoddam)

Gen.

cujusdam

cujusdam

cujusdam

Dat.

cuidam

cuidam

cuidam

Acc.

quendam

quandam

quiddam (quoddam)

Abl.

quodam

quadam

quodam

165

circumdat. Tum dux se in ordinem recipit.] Cras

Romam oppugnabimus.
Duc. [laetls clamoribus.] Cras Romam capiemus. 30

Sup. Cras rex iterum ero Romanorum.
Sex. Cras omnes inimlcos occidam.
Sup. Cras omnes nobiles in vincula conjiciam.
Sex. Vae victls ! nos enim Roma expulerunt.
Sup. Ignavi homines regem habere nolebant; poenas cras

dabunt.
Duc. [murmurant.] Fortes, non ignavl, sunt Romanl.

Fortes hostes amamus; ignavos odimus amlcos.
Por. Quando et quo modo Romam oppugnabimus?
Sex. Statim hoc faciemus; sl enim Romanl pontem subli- 40

cium frangent, neque Tiberim translre neque ur-

bem intrare poterimus. .
Duc. Nos quidem hodie diti pugnavimus; sine somno

mllites non bene pugnabunt.
Sup. Vigil! Vigil!
Vig. Quid vls, rex?

Nom. quldam

Gen. quorundam

Dat. quibusdam

Acc. quosdam

Abl. quibusdam

Plural

quaedam

quarundam

quibusdam

quasdam

quibusdam

quaedam

quorundam

quibusdam

quaedam

quibusdam

CONJUGATION OF VOLO

391. The irregular verb volo, I wish, I am willing, has the
following principal parts : volo, velle, volui. It is conjugated as
follows in the present indicative.

Singular Plural NoTE-In the imperfect and

volo volumus future indicative volo is conju-

vls vultis gated exactly like duco : volebam,

vult volunt volebas, etc, volam, voles, etc.

166  

Sup. Quid nunc Romanl faciunt?

Vig. Omnes intra moenia se receperunt. Vigiles tamen
e moenibus prospectant.

Por. Fregeruntne pontem? 50

Vig. Minime, rex maxime! Stat pons.

Por. Qualis erit nox?

Yig. Obsctira; ntibilare enim coepit, neque ltina fulgebit.
Etiam nunc vigiles Romanos videre non possumus;
non jam pons in conspectii est; hac nocte caeci
erunt vigiles.

Por. Bene dlxistis, vigiles. Hoc igitur consilium omnes
audlte! Quarta vigilia, dum Romani adhtic dor-
miunt, ad pontem silentio appropinquabimus.
Antequam illtic pervenerimus, nos neque videre
neque audlre vigiles poterunt. Ntilla mora pon-
tem translbimus et portam facile rumpemus, dum
Romani arma petunt et tota urbe trepidant.

Duc.

Bonum consilium cepistl, rex maxime! Vincemus.

POR.

Hoc consilium, duces, mllitibus ntintiate! Deinde

usque ad quartam vigiliam dormlte!

Duc.

Audlmus et parebimus.

POR.

Vigiles, cum quarta vigilia erit,
excitate!

e somno nos omnes

VlG.

Audimus et parebimus.

70

DECLENSION OF ALIQUIS

392

. aliquis, some, someone.

Singular

Masc. Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

aliquis aliqua

aliquid (aliquod)

Gen.

alicujus alicujus

alicujus

Dat.

alicui alicui

alicui

Acc.

aliquem aliquam

aliquid (aliquod)

Abl.

aliquo aUqua

aliquo

 167

SCAENA SECUNDA. ROMAE

A sinistrd appdrent moenia urbis; Tiberis praeter moenia
fluit; rlpam ulteriorem ad portam urbis jungit pons
sublicius. Vigiles e summls moenibus prospectant. In
rlpa ulteriore agmen Etruscorum ad pontem sublicium
silentio appropinquat, sed adhuc procul abest, cum sol
surgere incipit. Prlma luce vigiles hostes vident.

Vig. I. Audlsne aliquid?

Vig. II. Quam timidus es! Ventus aquam agitat.

Vig. I. Pedes hominum audio.

Vig. II. Noli hoc credere. Sol mox surget; tum videre

poterimus.
Vig. I. Aliquid video. Aliquid se movet.
Vig. II. Agmen est. Hostes sunt.
Vig. I. Surgite, RomanT. Hostes adsunt*.
Vigiles. Surgite, Romanl. Hostes adsunt.

[Clves armatl portam aperiunt et prbspectant. Valerius
et Pulvillus in pontem currunt.]

Val. Frangite pontem, clves. 10

Pul. Tempus non dabunt hostes. Eheu, nos prlmos

occident. Quid facere possumus? Quo fugere

debemus?

Plural

Nom.

aliqul

aliquae

ahqua

Gen.

aliquorum

aliquarum

aliquorum

Dat.

aliquibus

aliquibus

aliquibus

Acc.

aliquos

aliquas

aliqua

Abl.

aliquibus

aliquibus

aliquibus

168  

Val. Sile, ignave ! Ciir heri mllites f rangere pontem non
jussistl? Tu enim imperator eras. Hodie ego
Romanis impero. [Pulvillus in urbem redit.
Multl clves in portd appdrent.] Audlte, clves ! Sl
duo vel tres hostibus breve temporis spatium
resistere poterunt, ceterl pontem frangent. Ita
urbem servare poterimus. 20

Hor. [inter clves appdret.] Quid dlcebat consul?

Civ. Si quis hostibus resistet, nos pontem frangere
poterimus.

Hor. Ego, O consul, pontem defendam. Quis mecum
hoc pro patria faciet?

Spu. [ex clvibus prodit.] Ego tibi socius ero, fortis
Horatl.

Hor. Tti bonus eris socius. Tecum bene pugnabo.

Tamen sl tres erimus, totum hostium agmen facile
repellemus. 30

Tit. [ex clvibus prodit.] Ecce tertius ero. Pro Roma et
Romanls cum hls comitibus pugnabo.

Val. Vobis ago gratias.

Civ. Vobls gratias agimus.

[Etruscl appropinquant.]

Por. Currite, mllites! Pontem occupate!
Val. Properate vos ! currunt enim hostes.

[Tres pontem trdnseunt.]

Hor. Ego medius stabo; tu, Spurl, a dextra sta, Herminl,
tti a sinistra !

[Etrusci ad pontem adveniunt.]

Por. Oppugnate, mllites! Illos tres occldite et urbem

intrate! 40

Val. Secures sumite, clves! sumite gladios! frangite
pontem !

Por. Mamili, mecum mane! Herl satis pugnabas.
Sextus contra suam urbem homines diicet.

 169

Val. Da mihi securem, tu! Ita, ita, lignum frangite.

[Ipse pontem ferit dum mllites Etruscl pontem
oppugnant.]

Spu. Cave, Hermini! a sinistra oppugnabunt.

Tit. Paratus sum; ecce, undique veniunt.

Hor. Diira verbera date ! Non multi eodem tempore nos

oppugnare possunt.
Pul. [in moenibus appdret.] Venlte, vos, ad moenia! 50

[Multl clves in moenia veniunt.] Sagittas mittite!

Jacula conjicite!
Sex. Mecum venite, milites! Ego Horatium occidam.

Mihi quidem non resistet.
Civ. Cujus vocem audimus?
Vig. I. Sextus Tarquinius hostes diicit.
Civ. Apage, perfide Sexte ! Num audes Romam revenlre?
Sex. Mox alia clamabitis, cum vos in vincula conjiciam.
Civ. Occlde Sextum, O Horatl! Etiam sl hostes nos

vlcerint, gaudebimus, quod perfidus Sextus mor- 60

tuus erit.

[Sextus Horatium oppugnat; Spurius et Titus contrd
alios pugnant.]

Pul. Cavete, sagittaril! Nollte nostros occldere! Ca-
vete, j aculatores ! Supra capita nostrorum j acula
conjicite!

Vig. II. Uter vincet? Ecce noster illum ferit!

Civ. Io triumphe! Mortuus est Sextus.

Pul. Minime, surgit. Horatl, iterum feri!

[Alter Hordtium oppugnat, dum Mamilius Sextum
e perlculo trahit.]

Civ. Quis auxilium fert?

Pul. Mamilius.

Civ. Ecce, Sextum e perlculo trahit. 70

Tu etiam noblscum redl! Sine te non redibimus.

170  

Vig. I. Nunc redit; ipse Horatium oppugnabit.

Civ. Eheu, non mortuus est Sextus.

Val. Auxilium date, clves; ecce, paene fractus est pons.

Civ. Io, Spurius hostem occidit; nunc alterum ferit.

Vig. II. Eheu ! Horatium vulneravit Mamilius.

Civ. Eheu! Spuri, auxilium da!

Vig. I. Ecce. Mamilium repellunt.

Val. [mdgnd vdce.] Redlte, Romani! paene fractus est

pons. Jam, jam redi, Horatl!
Civ. Redlte, Romanl ! paene f ractus est pons ! Nos ser- so

vavistis; jam vos servate!
Hor. Redlte, comites! dum tempus manet, redlte!
Spu.
Tit.

Civ. Redlte, fortes virl! Jam jam cadit pons.
Hor. Redite, comites! Vobls hoc impero. Consilium

habeo bonum; me hostes non occldent.

^ ‘ >Paremus. Vale! [Ad portam redeunt.]

Civ. Nollte Horatium relinquere!
Spu. Ipse imperavit. Paremus.

[Spurius et Titus urbem intrant.]

Civ. Sero redlbis, Horatl. Cadit pons. 90

Hor. [Scutum ad clves conjicit.] Excipite, cives, sciitum!
Non honestum est scutum relinquere. [Gladium
in medios hostes conjicit.] Vos, hostes, gladium
excipite! Tibi me committo, Tiberis. [Dum
pons cadit, Horatius in flumen desilit.]

Pul. Quid facit? Vulneratus est; non potest natare.

Civ. Ita; flumen transit; ad portam natat.

Val. Demittite f unes ! [Clves funem demittunt.]

Crv. Fiinem prehendit. Trahite! trahite!

Omnes. Trahite! trahite! [Cives Hordtium ex aqua in
portam trahunt.]

171

Val.

PUL.

fSenatus tibi gratias agit.

Civ. Populus Romanus tibi gratias agit.
Omnes. Romam servavisti.

FINIS FABDLAE.

too

uu\

tfMIH’-”

RUINS OF THE COLISEUM

172

LESSON LX
PRESENT PARTICIPLE

FORMATION OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

393. The present active participle of a Latin verb ends in
-ns, and is formed on the present stem. The present par-
ticiples of regular verbs in the four conjugations are as follows.

I

II

III

IV

(porto)

(moneo)

(dtico)

(capio)

(audio)

portans

monens

ducens

capiens

audiens

carrying

warning

leading

taking

hearing

a. There is no present passive participle in Latin.

DECLENSION OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

394. Like other participles, the present participle agrees
in gender, number, and case with the noun or pronoun which
it modifies. It is declined as an adjective of the third
declension :

Singular Plural

Masc. and Fem. Neut. Masc. and Fem. Neut.

Nom. portans
Gen. portantis
portantl
portantem

Dat.
Acc.
Abl.

portans
portantis
portantl
portans

portantes
portantium
portantibus
portantls (-es)

portante (-1) portante (-1) portantibus

portantia

portantium

portantibus

portantia

portantibus

Singular

Nom. monens monens

Gen. monentis monentis

Dat. monenti monenti

Acc monentem monens

Plural
monentes monentia

monentium monentium
monentibus monentibus
monentls (-es) monentia

Abl. monente (-1) monente (-1) monentibus monentibus

 173

a. The use of the Latin present participle must not
be confused with the progressive form of the verb
(Section 76, a). In the sentence The man is standing
in the street the expression is standing is the progressive
form of the verb, and will be translated by one Latin
word, stat. In the sentence The man standing on the
wall is my brother, the word standing is a participle mod-
ifying man, and will be translated by the Latin present
participle, stans.

READING EXERCISE: A SUCCESSFUL HUNT

395. ( Ulysses speaks. 1 ) Per silvam ambulans, magnum
cervum vidl. Ventus flabat, et cervus sonitum pedum meorum
audire non poterat. Arcum meum cepi et frontem cervi
prlma sagitta vulneravl. Deinde alteram sagittam mlsl, et
eum interfecl. Nunc cervum umeris mels ad comites porto.
Hl murmurant et Iratl sunt, quod cibum non habent. Similes
animalibus sunt, quae semper cibum postulant. Nunc in
lltore stantes me expectant. Laetl erunt cum me appropin-
quantem videbunt. Mox cenam parabimus. Post cenam in
silvam redlbo, quod tectum ibi vldl. Sed niilll virl in conspectii
erant. Itaque hunc locum explorare cupio.

396. VOCABULARY

arcus, -us, m., bow litus, litoris, n., shore

cervus, -I, m., deer similis, -e, like, similar

flo, flare, flavl, flatum, blow sonitus, -us, m., sound

frons, frontis, m., forehead umerus, -I, m., shoulder
itaque, conj., and so, therefore

a. Frequently a noun or pronoun in the dative is
used with similis : similis animali, like an animal.

» While returning from Troy, Ulysses, one of the Greek heroes, was driven to the
Bhores of a certain island. This reading exercise and those of the three following lessons
represent scenes during his stay on the island.

174

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

397. 1. The leader returned to the shore carrying a deer.
2. We hear the voices of the soldiers demanding food. 3. I
saw a deer running through the forest. 4. The consul is
the brother of that (ille) man standing on the bridge. 5. We
made an attack on the legions crossing the river.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

398. 1. Find from a dictionary the derivation of arch and
archer. 2. What is the original meaning of inflatedf 3. What
sort of ornament is a frontletf 4. What is a similef

SUGGESTED DRILL

1 . Write the declension of the present participles of duco and capio.
2. Point out all the present participles in section 395, and name the case
of each. 3. Give the present active and past passive participles of
laudo and video. 4. Decline sonitus. 5. Give a synopsis of flo in the
third person singular, active voice.

ROMAN OIL VAULT

 175

LESSON LXI

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE
THE INDEPENDENT PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

399. A phrase consisting of a noun or pronoun and a
participle is sometimes used in a sentence without being closely
connected with any other word in the sentence. Thus, A new
leader having been chosen, we may expect better results. In this
sentence the phrase a new leader having been chosen is not
directly connected with any word in the rest of the sentence.
Such a phrase is said to be independent of the rest of the
sentence.

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

400. The case which is used in Latin for such independent
constructions is the ablative. In the sentence given above
as an example the word for leader would be put in the ablative
in Latin and the participle for having been chosen would agree
with it in gender, number, and case. This use of the ablative
is called the ablative absolute.

Duce capto hostes fugerunt. The leader having been

captured, the enemy fled.
Filiis meis laudatis laetus sum, my sons having been

praised, I am happy

401. The participle used in agreement with the noun or
pronoun of the ablative absolute may be the past participle,
as in the sentences which have been given, or it may be the
present participle.

Barbaris procedentibus nostri arma parabant, the bar-
barians advancing, our men prepared arms.

a. In the ablative absolute the past participle de-
notes an act taking place before the time of the verb
of the clause, but the present participle denotes an act
taking place at the same time as that of the verb.

176  

402. Often an adjective or another noun is used instead
of a participle as the second part of the ablative absolute
construction.

Amico meo invito diutius non manebo, my friend (being)

unwilling, I shall not remain longer.
Caesare duce milites semper fortiter pugnabant, Caesar

(being) leader, the soldiers always fought bravely.

a. The participle being, which is often used in trans-
lating an ablative absolute of which the second part is
an adjective or a noun, has no equivalent in Latin.

b. The original force of the ablative in this con-
struction may be seen if these phrases are translated
with the preposition with.

FREE TRANSLATION OF THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE

403. In English, independent phrases which correspond
to the literal translation of the ablative absolute are not very
often used. It is, therefore, frequently necessary to translate
the ablative absolute by a clause introduced by when, after,
if, since, or although, as the sense of the main clause may
suggest.

Monte occupato, when the mountain had been seized.
Duce capto, after the leader had been captured.

a. Various prepositional phrases, also, may be em-
ployed in translating this ablative.

Gallis invitis, against the will of the Gauls.
Caesare consule, in the consulship of Caesar.

READING EXERCISE: A DISSATISFIED COMPANY

404. (The sailors speak). Recte ducem nostrum culpamus,
qui n5s huc dtixit. Esurlmus, neque cibum invenlre possumus.
Certe dux bonus non est, neque dl immortales eum amant.
In silvam cum arcu iit, quia cervi in silva sunt, sed cervo

 177

interfecto ipse cibum habebit, et nos esuriemus. Patria
nostra relicta, in bello cum eo (homine) pugnavimus, sed nunc
nos deseruit. Hoc duce relicto, navem parabimus et ad
patriam redlbimus. Ibi amlcl nos expectant, et hi nobis
cibum dabunt. Sl tiitl illam terram iterum videbimus, num-
quam eam relinquemus. Satis in bello pugnavimus et satis
erravimus.

405. VOCABULARY

certe, adv., certainly, surely immortalis, -e, immortal

culpo, -are, -avi, -atum, blame invenio, -venire, -veni, -ven-

desero, -ere, -ui, -tum, desert tum, find

deus, -I (nom. pl. di), a god quia, conj., because

esurio, -ire, be hungry recte, adv., rightly

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

406. 1. Taking the bow (the bow having been taken)
the man hurried toward the forest. 2. On seeing the enemy
(the enemy having been seen) the soldiers seized (took) their
arms. 3. Hearing the sound of battle (abl. absolute), the
soldiers ran to the gate of the city. 4. After the capture of the
city (the city having been captured), the king was killed.
5. If the gods defend (shall defend) our city, we shall be safe.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

407. 1. What is a culpable action? 2. From which of
the principal parts of desero have our English derivatives
come? 3. Find a noun which is connected in derivation
with immortalis. 4. What is the original meaning of inventt

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the present participles of culpo, desero, invenio. 2. Point
out the ablatives absolute in section 404. 3. Conjugate esurio in the
future indicative active. 4. Write two English sentences which would
require the ablative absolute if translated into Latin.

178  

LESSON LXII

QUOTATIONS: INDIRECT DISCOURSE

DIRECT AND INDIRECT QUOTATIONS

408. 1. A direct quotation is one which repeats the exact
words of the speaker. Thus, He said, “I will come.”

2. An indirect quotation is one which repeats the thought
but not the exact words of the original speaker. In English
an indirect quotation is often introduced by the conjunction
that. Thus, He said that he would come.

a. Sometimes no conjunction is used. Thus, He
said he would come.

INDIRECT QUOTATIONS IN LATIN

409. In Latin, a simple sentence when used in an indirect
quotation has its verb in the infinitive and its subject in the
accusative. No conjunction is used to introduce indirect
quotations in Latin.

Dicit puerum in silva ambulare, he says that the boy is
walking in the forest.

INDIRECT DISCOURSE

410. The name indirect discourse is given to the use of
the infinitive with subject accusative in indirect quotations,
and also to certain other expressions which are not exactly
quotations. In such sentences as / heard that you had re-
ceived a letter, and Everyone thought that the day would be
pleasant, the clauses introduced by that take the same form
in Latin as the indirect quotations given above. That is,
their verbs will be infinitives and their subjects will stand
in the accusative.

Indirect discourse is used with verbs of saying, hearing,
knowing, thinking, believing, seeing, and the like.

 179

Credo te librum meum habere, I believe (that) you have
my book.

a. A predicate noun or adjective used with an in-
finitive in indirect discourse is in the accusative, to
agree with the subject.

Arbitramur ducem nostrum fortem esse, we think (that)
our leader is brave.

READING EXERCISE: THE FAULT-FINDERS REPROVED

411. (The sailor who has been left in charge speaks.) Dico
ducem nostrum fidelem esse. Quod cibum non habemus,
in silvam iit, ubi credo eum cibum petere. Feris interfectls
carnem nobls dabit. Puto vos ignavos esse et nihil sclre.
Mare timetis et omnia timetis. Quod esurltis, ducem bonum
nostrum culpatis et dlcitis eum vos deseruisse. Vos non
deseruit neque deseret. Etiam nunc aliquem video quem
esse ducem nostrum credo. Recta ad nos venit, et aliquid
grave umerls portat. Habitus ejus ostendit eum esse ducem
nostrum. Cervum portat, quem in silva interfecit. Mox
cervus in (on) igne ponetur, et vos cibum habebitis.

412. VOCABULARY

caro, carnis, f., flesh, meat ignis, ignis, -ium, m., fire

fera, -ae, f., wild animal mare, maris, n., the sea

fidelis, -e, faithful nihil, indeclinable t N., nothing

gravis, -e, heavy recta, adv. f directly
habitus, -us, m., appearance,
garb

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

413. 1. You say that your friends love you. 2. I think
you do not have many friends. 3. The sailors believe that
their leader wishes to desert them. 4. I say that our leader
is faithful. 5. Having killed a deer (a deer having been
killed), the leader will return to the shore.

180

VICTIMS FOR A ROMAN SACRIFICE

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

414. 1. What is a carnivorous animal? 2. Give nouns

derived from fidelis and gravis. 3. Find a verb derived

from ignis. 4. What are marine animals? 5. What does a
nihilist desire in the way of government?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Why is ducem, of the second line of Section 411, in the accusative case?
2. Give the present active and past active infinitives of dico. 3. Give
the present passive and past passive infinitives of mitto. 4. Decline
habitus in the singular number. 5. Write two English sentences which,
if translated into Latin, would take the construction of indirect discourse.

LESSON LXIII
NOUNS OF THE FIFTH DECLENSION: IMPERSONAL VERBS

THE FIFTH DECLENSION

415. The genitive singular of the fifth declension ends in
-ei (after a consonant -ei). The nominative singular always
ends in -es. The nouns dies, day, and res, thing, are declined
as f ollows :

181

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Endings

Nom.

dies

dies

res

res

-es, -es

Gen.

diel

dierum

rei

rerum

-ei (-ei) -erum

Dat.

diel

diebus

rei

rebus

-ei (-ei) -ebus

Acc.

diem

dies

rem

res

-em, -es

Abl.

die

diebus

re

rebus

-e, -ebus

a. Dies is sometimes masculine and sometimes
feminine in the singular, but always masculine in the
plural. The other nouns of this declension are feminine,
except one compound of dies.

b. Only dies and res are declined in full. The other
nouns of this declension lack some or all of the plural
forms.

IMPERSONAL VERBS

416. There are a few Latin verbs which have only the
third person singular, the infinitives, and (occasionally) the
participles. Such verbs are called impersonal. The most
important are oportet, it is necessary (or proper), and licet,
it is permitted.

USE OF OPORTET

417. The impersonal verb oportet is regularly used with
an infinitive and an accusative as subject of the infinitive.
In English the accusative is often translated as subject of
the verb ought, with a dependent infinitive.

Oportet nautas fortes esse, the sailors ought to be brave
(more literally it is proper that the sailors be brave).

ROMAN LAMPS

182

USE OF LICET

418. With licet a dative is used to denote the person who
is permitted to do some act, and the infinitive is used to denote

the act permitted. In Eng-
lish the dative is often
translated as the subject
of may or might with a
verb representing the in-
finitive.

Eis redlre licet, they may
return (more literally it
is permitted them to re-
turn).

a. Frequently the dat-
ive is translated as sub-
ject of a form of permit
(or allow) with a depend-
ent infinitive. The sen-
tence above may be
translated they are per-
mitted to return.

THE PYRAMID OF CESTIUS

READING EXERCISE: FOOD AT LAST

419. Hic nauta ramos siccos portat, ille (nauta) remum
fractum habet, quem in litore invenit. Omnes ignem quam
prlmum accendere et cenam parare properant. Nam per
omnem diem sine cibo in lltore fuerunt, et nunc laetl ducem
appropinquare vident cum cervo, quem umeris portat. Saepe
murmuraverunt, dlcentes ducem non esse fidelem, sed hanc
rem non esse veram nunc sciunt. Oportet eos ducem laudare,
oportet eos ducl gratias agere, qul vltam eorum servavit.
Sed multl ex els neque bonl neque fortes sunt. Sl licet els
cibum habere, nihil aliud volunt, nihil aliud sciunt. Non
vident ducem fortem vltam eorum servavisse.

 183

420. VOCABULARY

accendo, -cendere, -cendl, quam primum, as soon as pos-

-censum, kindle, light sible.

dies, diei, m. or f., day ramus, -1, m., bough, branch

licet, licere, licuit, impersonal, remus, -I, m., oar

it is permitted res, rei, f., thing

oportet, oportere, oportuit, it is siccus, -a, -um, dry

proper (or fitting), one ought verus, -a, -um, true

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

421. 1. On that day (Section 328) many brave men were
killed. 2. I have often heard this fact (thing). 3. You are
not permitted (it is not permitted to you) to kindle a fire in
this place. 4. You ought to announce this fact (thing) at
once. 5. You know that the days are long in summer.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

422. 1. What is the literal meaning of sine dief How is
this phrase used in connection with the meetings of assemblies?
2. What connection can you see between the meaning of
licet and licensef 3. Find from a dictionary the meaning of
ramify. 4. What is the derivation of realt 5. What is a
veracious narrative?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the genitive plural of porta, ramus, dux, ignis, exercitus, dies.
Give the ablative singular of these six words. 2. Give the forms
of licet in the third person singular, active voice, in the six tenses of the
indicative. 3. Write an English sentence which can be translated into
Latin with the use of oportet. Tell what would be the case of the subject
of this sentence when translated into Latin. 4. With what classes of
verbs is indirect discourse used?

184

LESSON LXIV

CARDINAL NUMERALS: DECLENSION OF DUO AND TRES

CARDINAL NUMERALS

423. The numerals used in counting or in telling how
many persons or objects are meant are called cardinal numerals.
The Latin cardinal numerals from one to twenty are as follows:

unus, -a, -um, one
duo, duae, duo, two
tres, tria, three
quattuor, four
quinque, five
sex, six
septem, seven
octo, eight
novem, nine
decem, ten

undecim, eleven
duodecim, twelve
tredecim, thirteen
quattuordecim, fourteen
qulndecim, fifteen
sedecim, sixteen
septendecim, seventeen
duodeviginti, eighteen
undevigintl, nineteen
viginti, twenty

DECLENSION OF DUO AND TRES

424. The numerals duo and tres are declined as follows:

Masc.

Fem.

Neut.

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

duo

duae

duo

tres

tria

duorum

duarum

duorum

trium

trium

duobus

duabus

duobus

tribus

tribus

duos or duo

duas

duo

tres (tris)

tria

duobus

duabus

duobus

tribus

tribus

a. With the exception of unus, duo, and tres, the
numerals given above are not declined. The declension
of unus is like that of solus, which is given in Section
13 of the Appendix. Tres is declined like the plural
of omnis, Section 11, (2), of the Appendix.

185

ROMAN TABLE

425. READING EXERCISE: CONVERSATION

DURING THE FEAST

Nauta I. Haec caro dulcis est.

N. II. Ita est; gaudeo quod carnem iterum edo.

N. III. Quam callidus dux noster est.

N. IV. Gaudemus quod tam callidum ducem habemus.

N. III. Cervum in silva invenit et frontem ejus sagitta

transflxit.
N. N. I et II. Da nobls iterum carnem.
N. V. Similes suibus estis. Nihil ceterls relinquetis.
N. N. I et II. Sed per omnem diem nullum cibum habuimus.

Esuriebamus.
N. VI. Nos quoque esuriebamus, sed non sues sumus.

Non oportet duos aut tres homines totum cervum

edere.
N. N. VII et VIII. Cras in silvam Ibimus. Inde multos

cervos referemus.

186  

N. IX. Vix dux callidus noster unum invenit; certe vos non

facile multos invenietis.
Dux. Ipse in silvam quam prlmum redlbo, quia tectum

ibivldi. Quisinhoctectohabitat? Id sclre cupio.

426. VOCABULARY

callidus, -a, -um, shrewd, wise sus, suis, m., p., hog, swine

dulcis, -e, sweet, delicious transfigo, -figere, -flxl-, -fix-
edo, -ere, 1 edi, esum, eat um, pierce

inde, adv. from there vix, adv., scarcely, with diffi-
refero, -ferre, rettuli, relatum, culty
bring back

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

427. 1. My brother has gone to the forest with two com-
panions. 2. We crossed the river with three legions. 3. Five
sailors remained on the shore. 4. I saw four men who had
been in Spain. 5. Our companions ought to return to the
ship with our leader.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

428. 1. What are dulcet tones? 2. Find from a dictionary
the meaning of the Italian phrase Dolce far niente. What do
you suppose is the origin of the Italian word dolcet 3. What
is the origin of the word swine? 4. What is the origin of
the words refer and relatef

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Write the declension of dulcis. 2. Decline together duo homines.
3. Decline together duae puellae. 4. Conjugate transfigo in the present
indicative passive and the perfect indicative active. 5. Give the accusa-
tive singular and the genitive plural of sus.

1 In classical Latin the present active infimtive of this verb is regularly Ssse, and the
third person singular of the present active indicative is est. In this book edere and edit
are used instead of the classical forms.

Posted in Latin Lessons.


Latin I (Section VII)

THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES WITH THREE ENDINGS

17.

Singular

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nom.

acer

acris

acre

Gen.

acris

acris

acris

Dat.

acrl

acrl

acrl

Acc.

acrem

acrem

acre

Abl.

acrl

acrl

Plural

acri

Nom.

acres

acres

acria

Gen.

acrium

acrium

acrium

Dat.

acribus

acribus

acribus

Acc.

acrls, -es

acrls, -es

acria

Abl.

acribus

acribus

acribus

a. There are not many adjectives of this class. They
differ from those of two endings only in the nominative
singular.

READING EXERCISE

308. 1. Hl barbarl sunt acres, sed non mllites bonl sunt,
quod imperata non faciunt. Mlles bonus non solum fortis
est, sed etiam imperata facit. Victoria facilis erit, quod
mllites nostrl ducem bonum habent, cujus imperata facient.

 129

2. Omnes qui bene laborant praemia accipient. Pecunia
els dabitur, et laudabuntur. El qul male laborant nulla
praemia accipient, neque laudabuntur.

3. Frater meus mox in Americam ex Europa perveniet-
Quando fratres tui pervenient?

Fratres mel jam in America sunt.

309. VOCABULARY

accipio, -cipere, -cepi, -ceptum, jam, adv., now, already

accept, receive omnis, -e, all

acer, acris, acre, fierce, eager pervenio, -venire, -veni,
facilis, -e, easy -ventum, arrive

fortis, -e, brave quando, adv., when

imperatum, -I, N., command victoria, -ae, f., victory

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

310. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. The
brave lieutenant will lead the legion to the enemy’s camp.
2. All the boys are working in the fields today. 3. Those
victories were not easy. 4. My brother, who came from
Europe, gave me a reward. 5. The book which you have is
mine.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

311. 1. Give a noun derived from facilis. 2. What is
meant by fortitudef 3. Give the meanings of omnipotent,
omniscient, and omnipresent. 4. Complete the following
formula: victory : victoria : : misery : x.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Decline together legatus fortis. 2. Decline together victoria
facilis. 3. Give the Latin for the following, putting the nouns in the
nominative: the leader whom, the leader whose, the leaders whose; the consul
by whom, the consuls by whom, the consul to whom (as indirect object); the
ship in which, the ships in which, the ship from which.

130

LESSON XLVIII

THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES OF ONE ENDING

312. Some adjectives of the third declension have the
same form in the nominative singular for all genders.

f elix, fortunate

potens, powerful

Singular

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

felix

felix

potens

potens

Gen.

felicis

felicis

potentis

potentis

Dat.

felicl

fellcl

potentl

potentl

Acc.

felicem

fellx

potentem

potens

Abl.

felicl

fellcl

Plural

potentl, -e

potentl, -e

Nom.

felices

fellcia

potentes

potentia

Gen.

fellcium

felicium

potentium

potentium

Dat.

fellcibus

fellcibus

potentibus

potentibus

Acc.

fellcls, -es

fellcia

potentls, -es

potentia

Abl.

fellcibus

fellcibus

potentibus

potentibus

a. The neuter is given separately because it differs
from the masculine and feminine in the accusative sin-
gular and in the nominative and accusative plural.

READING EXERCISE

313. Is homo erat rex potens. Nunc exul est, et paucos
amlcos habet. Longe a patria sua habitat. Clves eum in
patria esse non sinunt, et fllil ejus in vincula conjecti sunt.
Rex non erat sapiens, et clves sunt fellces quod exul est. Comi-
tes ejus eum regem appellant, sed rex sine potentia est.

Multl eorum qul olim reges in Europa erant nunc sunt
exules. At in patria nostra fuit ntillus rex. In hac terra

 131

populus regit. Gentes Americae felices sunt quod reges neque
habent neque desiderant.

314. VOCABULARY

at, conj., but potentia, -ae, p., power

conjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, rego, -ere, rexi, rectum, rule

throw sapiens, gen., sapientis, wise

exul, exulis, m., exile sino, -ere, sivi, situm, allow

felix, gen. felicis, happy vinculum, -i, n., chain
potens, gen. potentis, powerful

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

315. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. Your
friend is wise, and he gives you good advice (consilium).
2. We have powerful allies, who will give us help. 3. We
are happy because we have many friends. 4. Wise men did
not expect an easy victory in that war. 5. The consul is the
friend of all the citizens who love their (native) country.
6. The boy was brave, but he was not strong.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

316. 1. Find from a dictionary the source of conjecture.
2. What is meant by felicity? 3. What is a potent argument?
4. What is a regent?’

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Decline together terra felix. 2. Decline together femina sapiens.
3. Give the ablative singular of the following adjectives in all genders:
bonus, miser, fortis, omnis. 4. Rewrite the first two scntences of sec-
tion 313, changing the subjects to the plural.

132

LESSON XLIX

FOURTH DECLENSION OF NOUNS

317. In the fourth declension the genitive singular ends in
-us. The nominative singular ends in -us for the masculine
and feminine and in -u for the neuter. Most nouns ending
in -us are masculine.

exercitus, m.,

army

Singular

Endings

cornu, n., i

horn

Endings

Nom.

exercitus

-US

Nom.

cornu

-U

Gen.

exercitiis

-us

Gen.

corniis

-us

Dat.

exercitul, -ii

-Ul, -u

Dat.

cornu

-u

Acc.

exercitum

-um

Acc.

cornii

-u

Abl.

exercitu

-u

Plural

Abl.

cornu

-u

Nom.

exercitus

-US

Nom.

cornua

-ua

Gen.

exercituum

-uum

Gen.

cornuum

-uum

Dat.

exercitibus

-ibus

Dat.

cornibus

-ibus

Acc.

exercitus

-us

Acc.

cornua

-ua

Abl.

exercitibus

-ibus

Abl.

cornibus

-ibus

a. The dative and ablative plurals of a few masculine
and feminine nouns end in -ubus.

READING EXERCISE: ROMA DEFENDITUR

318. Rex qul ex urbe expulsus est cum exercitii hostium
huc venit (is coming). Urbem capere et multos occldere
cupit. Multos in vincula conjicere etiam cupit. Impetum
facere nunc parat. Nobiles qul eum ex urbe expulerunt
perlculum suum magnum esse sciunt, sed non ignavl sunt, et
se defendere parant. Niintil in omnes partes missl sunt, et

 133

vigiles in muro sunt. Rex cum socils suis nunc in conspectii
est. Hl mox usque ad ripam ulteriorem fliiminis venient.
Omnes cives cum armls convenire incipiunt. Consules adsunt,
et omnes pro patria pugnare parati sunt. Fortis Horatius
inter clves pugnat. Postea de fortl Horatio audiemus.

319. VOCABULARY

conspectus, -us, m., sight nobilis, -e, noble; m. plur., the

convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- nobles

tum, assemble occido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum,

exercitus, -us, m., army kill

Horatius, -I, m., Horatius usque, adv., all the way, as

impetus, -us, m., attack far as
incipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep-

tum, begin

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

320. Translate the f ollowing sentences into Latin : 1. The
consul was the leader of the army which captured the city.
2. The centurion was killed in sight of the legion. 3. The
barbarians made many attacks on our camp, but they were
repulsed. 4. Our (native) country has always been safe
without large armies. 5. But our citizens ought to be pre-
pared to defend their (native) country.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

321. 1. What is a conventionf 2. What is the meaning of
impetus as an English word? 3. What is the incipient stage of
a f ever? 4. What is the meaning of inceptionf

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Decline together exercitus noster. 2. Decline together cornu
longum. 3. Give the ablative singular of murus, conspectus, flumen,
insigne. 4. Write the third person singular of occido, active and passive,
in all the tenses which have been learned.

134

LESSON L
CONJUGATION OF EO AND ITS COMPOUNDS

PRESENT SYSTEM OF EO

322. The irregular verb eo, go, is conjugated in the present
system in the indicative as follows:

PRESENT

IMPERFECT

FUTURE

Singular

Singular

Singular

eo

Ibam

Ibo

Is

Ibas

Ibis

it

Ibat

Ibit

Plural

Plural

Plural

Imus

Ibamus

Ibimus

Itis

Ibatis

Ibitis

eunt

Ibant

Ibunt

a. The principal parts are eo, Ire, ii or Ivi, itum.
The perfect is formed as in regular verbs: ii (Ivi), etc.
The second person of the perfect is Isti in the singular and
Istis in the plural. The third person singular is iit.

COMPOUNDS OF EO

323. There are many compounds of eo, such as exeo, go
out, redeo, go back, transeo, go across. They are conjugated
like eo, with the syllable ex-, red-, trans-, etc, prefixed.
Thus, exeo, exis, exit, etc.

READING EXERCISE

324. 1. Puer sero ad tectum redlbat, et solus per silvam
Ibat. In omnes partes spectabat, quod perlculum timebat.
Erat ntillum perlculum in silva, sed puer erat parvus, et non
saepe longe a tecto Ibat sine patre aut matre aut fratribus.
Tandem lucem vldit, et currere coepit. Lux in fenestra erat, et

 135

mater puerum expectabat. Mater laeta erat quod puer
tiitus redlbat.

2. Copiae Romanorum iter verterunt, et nunc flumen
transeunt quod inter agros sociorum suorum et hostes fluit.
Sed tamen paucl milites in hoc loco relictl sunt, qui oppida
sociorum defendunt. Post proelium totus exercitus huc
redibit.

325. VOCABULARY

coepi, coepisse, began sero, adv., late, too late

cuxr6,-ere,cucurri,cursum, run tamen, adv., still, nevertheless

eo, ire, ii (Ivi), itum, go tandem, adv., at length

redeo, -ire, -ii -itum, return transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, cross

relinquo, -linquere, -liqui, verto, -ere, verti, versum, turn
-lictum, leave

a. The verb coepi is commonly used instead of the
perfect of incipio.

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

326. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. I go
because my (native) country calls me. 2. We have turned our
course (march), and we shall cross the river. 3. All the
soldiers who have returned are now in camp. 4. We were
going through the forest in the evening with your father.
5. The small boy began to run, because he was afraid (he
feared). 6. A few will cross the river which is behind the camp.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

327. l.What connection in meaning can you see between
curro and the noun current (i. e. the current of the river)?
2. What is the meaning of relinquishf 3. Find from a diction-
ary the derivation of relic. 4. What is a tandem team?
5. What is meant by goods in transit? 6. What is a new
version of a story?

136  

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Conjugate venio and exeo in the future. 2. Give the third person
singular of sedeo in the present, imperfect, future, and perfect tenses.
3. Rewrite the last two sentences of 1, section 324, changing the verbs to
the future tense. 4. Name the tense of each verb found in paragraph 2
of section 324.

LESSON LI

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME
THE ABLATIVE OF TIME AT WHICH

328. The time at which or within which an act takes place
is regularly expressed in Latin by a noun or pronoun in the
ablative case without a preposition.

Eo anno pater meus tectum novum aedificavit, my father
built a new house that year.

a. Commonly these expressions of time have the
preposition in or on or at in English: in that year; qn the
same day; at the appointeol hour.

THE ACCUSATIVE OF DURATION OF TIME

329. In English we sometimes use a noun without a prepo-
sition to tell how long an act or a situation continues. Thus,
We stayed in the country three days. We may also say We
stayed in the country for three days. The expressions three days
in the first sentence, and for three days in the second mean
exactly the same thing. In Latin a word which is thus used
to denote duration of time is put in the accusative without a
preposition. Multas horas in Insula mansi, I remained on
the island many hours (or for many hours).

a. The ablative of time answers the question When?
The accusative of duracion answers the question How
longf

 137

READING EXERCISE: VIGILIAE CASTRORUM

330. Apud Romanos in bello nox in quattuor vigilias
dividebatur. Duae vigiliae ante mediam noctem erant et
duae post mediam noctem. Prlma vigilia mllites, qui vigiles
appellabantur, circum vallum castrorum disponebantur. Hi
in suls locls usque ad flnem prlmae vigiliae manebant, tum ad
tabernacula discedebant, et alii vigiles succedebant. Ita
castra totam noctem a vigilibus custodiebantur. Prlma
hlce mllites e somno excitabantur. Hostes non facile castra
Romana nocte expugnabant, quae nullo tempore erant sine
vigilibus. Barbarl castra sua ita non custodiebant, et castra
eorum interdum ab hostibus noctii oppugnata sunt et capta
(sunt) .

331. VOCABULARY

apud, prep. with acc, among, quattuor, four

with succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-

custodio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, sum, succeed, take the

guard place of

discedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- tempus, temporis, n., time

sum, withdraw, go away vigilia, -ae, f., watch
disp6no,-ponere, -posui, -posi-

tum, arrange, station

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

332. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. In
the first watch the enemy made an attack on the redoubt.
2. Your sister remained in Europe two years. 3. At daybreak
we returned to the town with the army. 4. We walked all
night, and we are tired.

ENGLISH DERTVATIVES FROM LATIN

333. 1. What is a temporary appointment? 2. What
is a custodidnf Find another noun which is derived from

138  

custodio. 3. What two meanings, apparently very different,
does the English word succeed have? Give a noun which is
derived from the past participle of succedo. 4. What is the
meaning of the English word vigilf

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Point out the ablatives and the accusatives in section 330 which ex-
press ideas of time. 2. Write an English sentence containing an expression
of time at which, and a sentence containing an expression of duration
of time.

VIEW OF MODERN ROME FROM THE CAPITOLINE HILL

139

334.

SIXTH REVIEW LESSON

VOCABULARY REVIEW, LESSONS XLV-LI

castellum, -I
conspectus, -iis
exercitus, -us
explorator, -oris
exul, exulis
imperatum, -I
impetus, -us
navis, navis
pons, pontis
potentia, -ae
tempus, temporis
victoria, -ae
vigilia, -ae
vinculum, -I

acer, acris, acre

facilis, -e

fellx, gen. felicis

fortis, -e

nobilis, -e

omnis, -e

potens, gen. potentis

primus, -a, -um

sapiens, gen. sapientis

sublicius, -a, -um

quattuor

septem

qui, quae, quod

unus, -a, -um

uterque, -traque, -trumque

accipio, -ere
coepl
conjicio, -ere

convemo, -ire
curro, -ere
custodio, -Ire
discedo, -ere
dispono, -ere
divido, -ere
eo, Ire
facio, -ere
incipio, -ere
lateo, -ere
occldo, -ere
pervenio, -Ire
redeo, -Ire
rego, -ere
relinquo, -ere
repello, -ere
sino, -ere
succedo, -ere
transeo, -Ire
verto, -ere

antlquitus

jam

postea

quando

sero

tamen

tandem

usque

apud
intra

at

140  

WORD STUDY: LATIN SUFFDIES

335. A word element consisting of one or more letters or
syllables joined to the end of a word is called a suffix.

It is usually difficult to give exact meanings to Latin suffixes.
Often we can only say that they are used in forming certain
classes of words. They differ from prefixes in that they are
not usually added to whole words to form new ones. Instead,
words with which suffixes are employed are usually altered
by the loss or change of one or more letters before the suffix.
Thus, civitas is derived from civis, but the ending -tas instead
of being added to civis is used with civi — .

336. Among the suffixes which are used in forming nouns
are -ia, -tia, -ium, (-t)io, -do, -tas, -tus, -tus (-sus).

Examples of their use in forming nouns from other nouns,
from adjectives, and from verbs are the following:

(From nouns) (From adjeclives) (From verbs)

clvitas (clvis) altitudo (altus) adventus (advenio)

servitus (servus) amicitia (amicus) imperium (impero)

virttis (vir) celeritas (celer) oppugnatio (oppugno)

CHANGES IN SPELLING

337. There are numerous English adjectives and nouns
which end in -ant or -ent, such as independent, patient, tenant,
apparent, constant. Most of these words come from Latin
present participles, which have stems ending in -ant, -ent, or
-ient. These different endings all became -ant in French, and
hence we have some words, as for example tenant, with the
ending -ant, although the form of the Latin word from which
it comes would lead us to expect the ending -ent. In many
cases, however, we have the ending which we should expect
from the spelling of the original Latin word. All derivatives
of this class which have come from verbs of the first conju-
gation end in -ant.

 141

EXERCISE

Decide whether derivatives from the verbs constare, militare, vigilare,
will end in -ent or -ant. Write English sentences illustrating the use of
the words facility, fortitude, relinquish, custodian.

LESSON LII
THE IMPERATIVE

USE OF THE IMPERATTVE

338. The imperative mood is used to express commands.
Thus, Close the door; Wait till I come. The verbs close and
wait are in the imperative mood.

THE IMPERATIVE OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS

339. The present active imperative of regular verbs of the
four conjugations in Latin is as follows:

I II

Sing. porta, carry (said to one person) mone

Plur. portate, carry (said to more than one) monete

III IV

Sing. mitte cape audi

Plur. mittite capite audite

a. The verbs dico, duco, and facio have the irregular
forms dic, duc, and fac in the singular of the present
active imperative. In the plural they are regular.

b. The verb do difTers from other first conjugation
verbs in that the a is short in the plural imperative
date. The singular, da, is regular.

THE IMPERATPVES OF EO AND SUM

340. The imperatives of eo are I (singular), and Ite (plural)..

142  

Compounds of eo form their imperatives like the simple verb.
Thus transi, transite, etc.

The imperatives of sum are es (singular) and este (plural).

READING EXERCISE: ETRUSCI ROMAM CAPERE TEMPTANT

341. “Gladios, mllites, sumite, et in Romanos impetum
facite. Nam pontem sublicium frangere cupiunt, qul est
inter nos et urbem eorum. Secures habent et his securibus
lignum caedunt. Dux eorum est fortis Horatius, qul inter
prlmos verbera diira dat. Eum et comites ejus ex ponte
pellite. Nollte sinere Romanos pontem ita frangere.” Ita
dux Etriiscorum dlxit, qui Romam capere et regem Romanum
restituere cupiebat. Is rex Romanus erat exul. Romani
tum consules habebant, qul exercitum ducebant et urbem
regebant. Unus ex hls consulibus tum erat ignavus, neque
auxilium dabat. Sed omnes clves fortiter urbem defenderunt.
Pons fractus est, et urbs ita servata est.

342. VOCABULARY

caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesum, restituo, -ere, restitul, resti-

cut tutum, restore

dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, say securis, securis, -ium, f., ax

durus, -a, -um, hard sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptum,

frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, take, assume

break verbera, -um, n. pl., blows

nolite, be unwilling, do not (found also in a few singular

pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, forms)

drive

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

343. Translate the f ollowing sentences into Latin : 1. Give
your book to the boy who stands behind you. 2. Send money
at once, if you are my friend. 3. Soldiers, break down the
bridge with axes. 4. Citizens, defend your houses bravely.
5. Warn those men who are in danger. 6. Come at once to
\he river, boys.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

143

344. 1. What connection in meaning can you see between
dico and dictionaryf What is meant by diction? 2. Give a
noun which is derived from the past participle of frango.
3. What is the difference between repel and propel? 4. What
preposition is combined with sumo to form the word from
which assume is derived? 5. What is meant by the expression
“to make restitution ,, f

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the present active imperatives, singular and plural, of ambuld,
jubeo, defendo, cupio, munio. 2. Conjugate defendo in the present
and future indicative, active and passive. 3. Explain and illustrate the
difference between the use of the accusative and the ablative in expres-
sions of time.

ENTRANCE TO A ROMAN FORTIFIED CAMP

144  

LESSON LIII

CONJUGATION OF POSSUM

345. The verb possum, I am able or I can, is irregular.
It is a compound of sum and the adjective potis, able. The
present system in the indicative mood is as follows:

PRESENT
Singular Plural

possum, I am able, or I can possumus, we are able, etc.
potes, you are able, you can potestis, you are able, etc.

potest, he is able, he can possunt, they are able, etc.

IMPERFECT
Singular Plural

poteram, I was able, I could poteramus, we were able, etc.
poteras, you were able, etc. poteratis, you were able, etc.

poterat, he was able, etc. poterant, they were able, etc.

FUTURE
Singular Plural

potero, I shall be able poterimus, we shall be able

poteris, you will be able poteritis, you will be able

poterit, he will be able poterunt, they will be able

a. The principal parts are possum, posse, potui. The
perfect is formed like that of regular verbs: potui,
potuisti, etc.

READING EXERCISE: CASTRA ROMANA OPPUGNANTUR

346. Hostes castra Romana paene circumvenerunt.
Romanl ex castrls effugere non possunt, sed fortiter se de-
fendent. Herl duo centuriones ex porta exierunt et in hostes
impetum fecerunt. Unus vulneratus in castra sine auxilio

 145

se recipere non poterat. Sed alter hostes reppulit et comitem
suum servavit. Signifer, vir fortis, qul erat in vallo, inter-
fectus est. Socil auxilium mlserunt, et Romanl eas copias
expectant. Sl mox venient, hostes castra non capient. Ro-
mani enim ex castrls impetum in hostes facient, et socii a
tergo eos oppugnabunt. Hostes pellentur, et castra serva-
buntur.

347. VOCABULARY

alter, altera, alterum, the paene, adv., almost

other possum, posse, potui, am

circumvenio, -venire, -veni, able, can

-ventum, surround recipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep-

effugio, -fugere, -fugi, escape tum, takeback; se recipere,

enim, conj., for (never stands withdraw, retreat

first in its clause) signifer, signiferi, m., stand-

exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, go out, ard-bearer

go from

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

348. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. I
cannot hear you from this place. 2. We were able to cross
the river, but we were not able to capture the camp. 3. The
army of the enemy could not escape. 4. The citizens who
have arms will be able to defend themselves. 5. Why do
you not go? Answer me (indirect object) at once. 6. The
sound of the horses’ feet in the street can be heard from this
place.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

349. 1. What is an alternative route? 2. Find from a
dictionary the meaning of circumvent. 3. What is an exitf
4. What is the meaning of the statement “He was the recipient
of much praise”? 5. What is a vulnerable place?

146  

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Conjugate possum in the perfect, giving the meaning of cach form.
2: Give the third person singular and plural of possum in all the tenses
which have been studied. 3. Rewrite the first sentence in section 346,
changing the verb to the passive voice. 4. Conjugate exeo in the future
indicative.

LESSON LIV

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

THE USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS

350. Thus far, the personal pronouns /, you, he, etc, as
subjects of the verb, have been indicated in Latin by the
personal endings of the verb, -6, -s, -t, etc. But when the
importance of the subject is emphasized or a contrast is brought
out between subjects which are not in the same person, a
personal pronoun in the nominative is used in Latin as in
English.

The other cases than the nominative are used as we should
expect, except that the genitive of the pronouns of the first
and second persons is not used to denote possession. The
possessive adjectives meus, tuus, noster, vester take the
place of the genitive in expressions of possession. The use
of the genitive singular is not common.

DECLENSION OF EGO AND TU

351. The personal pronouns of the first and second persons,
meaning I and you, are declined as follows:

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

Nom.

ego

nos

tu

vos

Gen.

mel

nostrum, nostri

tui

vestrum, vestrl

Dat.

mihi

nobis

tibi

vobls

Acc.

me

nos

te

vos

Abl.

me

nobis

te

vobls

 147

a. The forms nostrum and vestrum are used in
phrases meaning part of us, many of us, part of you, and
the like. A genitive of this sort is called a genitive of
the whole. In the phrase pars militum, the noun militum
is a genitive of the whole.

b. The forms nostri and vestri are used with nouns
which denote action or feeling, to denote the person or
thing which stands as object of the action or feeling
expressed. They are not employed in the exercises of
this book.

c. When the ablative forms me, te, nobis, vobis, and
also se (Section 281) are used as objects of the preposition
cum, they have cum attached as a final syllable: thus,
mecum, with me, tecum, with you, nobiscum, with us, etc.

PERSONAL PRONOUN OF THE THIRD PERSON

352. As has been previously seen, the demonstrative is, ea,
id serves as a personal pronoun of the third person, meaning he,
she, it, they, etc. The nominative may be used for emphasis
or when it is needed to make the meaning clear. Sometimes
the forms of hic and ille are used instead of is as the pronoun
of the third person.

READING EXERCISE: ROMANUS ET GALLUS

353. 1. (The Roman speaks.) Ego Romanus sum, tu
Gallus es. Romani cum Gallls bellum gerunt, et exercitus
noster agros Galliae vastat. Sed ego numquam a te injuriam
accepl, et nunc mecum in urbe nostra tuto manere potes.
Post bellum in patriam tuam redlre poteris, et tecum Ibo.

2. (The Gaul speaks.) Sed uter patriam suam magis amat,
is qul in terra hostium ttitus manet, an is qul in bello pugnat
et tecta et agros clvium suorum defendit? Ego tecum ttitus
esse possum, sed amlcl mel in perlculo sunt, et in terra hostium
cum honore manere non possum. Statim redlre et pro patria
pugnare cupio. Amlcl mel me ignavum esse putabunt si

148  

in urbe tua manebo. Cum pax inter Galliam et Romam
erit, iterum ego et tii amlcl erimus.

354. VOCABULARY

an, conj., or numquam, adv., never

ego, I pax, pacis, f., peace

honor, -oris, m., honor tu, you (of one person)

injuria, -ae, f., injury, tuto, adv., safely

injustice uter, -tra, -trum, which (of
magis, adv., more two)?

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

355. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. I
shall go to (in) Europe; you will remain in America. 2. We
are good citizens; you are enemies of the country (not terra).

3. Come with me, and I will show you a beautiful picture.

4. Many of us go to the mountains or (aut) to the sea in
summer. 5. We have not been helped by you (plural), and
we shall not help you. 6. Who can carry these books?

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

356. 1. What sort of person is an egotistf 2. Can you
find another word besides honor which has the same spelling
in English and in Latin? 3. Give an adjective which is
derived from injuria. 4. Find from a dictionary the meaning
of nostrum as an English word.

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the Latin for the following: us {direct object), by us, by you
(plural), to you (plural, indirect object), to us (indirect object), to me (indi-
rect object). 2. Give the first person singular and plural of possum in
all the tenses which have been studied. 3. Give the present active
imperatives of puto, maneo, and accipio.

 149

LESSON LV

PAST PERFECT
MEANING OF THE PAST PERFECT

357. The past perfect tense represents an act as completed
at some specified or suggested time in the past. The English
past perfect has the English auxiliary verb had. Thus, I had
carried, you had carried, etc.

FORMATION OF THE LATIN PAST PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE

358. The past perfect indicative active of the Latin verb
has the tense sign -era-, which is added to the perfect stem.
The endings are used as in the imperfect. The a of the tense
sign is short befdre the endings -m, -t, and -nt.

Singular

portaveram, I had carried monueram, / had warned

portaveras, you had carried monueras, you had warned

portaverat, he had carried monuerat, he had warned

Plural

portaveramus, we had carried monueramus, we had warned
portaveratis, you had carried monueratis, you had warned
portaverant, they had carried monuerant, they had warned

THE PAST PERFECT PASSIVE

359. The past perfect in the passive voice is formed by
combining the past participle with the imperfect tense of
sum.

Singular

portatus eram, I had been carried monitus eram

portatus eras, you had been carried monitus eras

portatus erat, he had been carried monitus erat

150  

Plural

portatl eramus, we had been carried moniti eramus

portatl eratis, you had been carried moniti eratis

portatl erant, theij had been carried monitl erant

READING EXERCISE: HOSTES REPELLUNTUR

360. Ipse imperator hostium illum locum cum multls
mllitibus tenebat. Parvum agmen circum montem miserat,
et hoc agmen ad castra nostra appropinquabat. Sol surgere
incipiebat, sed vigiles loca sua nondum rellquerant. Mllites
nostrl, qul excitatl erant, signa et arma hostium vlderunt, et
multl celeriter ad vallum cucurrerunt. Alil portas aperuerunt
et in hostes impetum fecerunt. Hostes non diu restiterunt,
quod satis magnas copias non habebant. Castra sua petierunt,
sed multl in fuga interfectl sunt.

361. VOCABULARY

aperio, -Ire, -ul, -tum, open resisto, -sistere, -stiti, resist

fuga, -ae, f., flight sol, solis, m., sun

ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self surgo, -ere, surrexi, surrec-
nondum, adv., not yet tum, rise

peto, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, seek, teneo, -ere, -ui, hold
ask f or

a. Ipse is declined exactly like ille (section 149) except
that the neuter singular ends in -um in the nominative
and accusative.

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

362. 1. Saepe in eo loco sine perlculo ambulavera — (sub-
ject “we”). 2. Ciir pueros non monuera — (subject “you”)
qul tecum erant? 3. Legio diti restitera — , et multl inter-
fectl erant. 4. Quis librum vldit quem in hoc loco rellqu —
(subject “I”)f 5. Imperator cum exercitu venera — , et urbs
tiita erat.

151

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

363. 1. What is a petition? What is a partition? 2. What
is a solar eclipse? 3. What are surging waves? 4. What is a
tenacious memory?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Conjugate possum in the past perfect indicative. 2. Give the
third person singular of peto in the active and passive indicative.
3. Decline together ipse dux. 4. Conjugate surgo in the perfect and
past perfect, active voice.

LESSON LVI

DECLENSION OF IDEM
364. The declension of Idem, same, is as follows:

Singular

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nom.

Idem

eadem

idem

Gen.

ejusdem

ejusdem

ejusdem

Dat.

eidem

eldem

eldem

Acc.

eundem

eandem

idem

Abl.

eodem

eadem
Plural

eodem

Nom.

Idem or eldem

eaedem

eadem

Gen.

eorundem

earundem

eorundem

Dat.

elsdem or

Isdem

elsdem or

Isdem

elsdem or Isdem

Acc.

eosdem

easdem

eadem

Abl.

elsdem or

Isdem

elsdem or

Isdem

elsdem or Isdem

o. The forms of idem are seen to be for the most part
identical with those of is with the syllable -dem added.
Before d the final -m is changed to -n.

152  

b. Occasionally Idem is used as a pronoun meaning
the same person (neuter, idem, the same thing). But it
is commonly used as an adjective in agreement with a
noun.

READING EXERCISE: ROMULUS ET REMUS

365. 1. Animum attendite, puerl et puellae; fabulam
vobis narrabo. Olim duo fratres urbem condere incipiebant.
IJnus ex hls fratribus erat Romulus. Frater ejus erat Remus.
Uterque nomen suum urbl dare cupiebat, et inter eos erat
controversia, quod duo nomina eldem urbl darl non poterant.
Denique nomen Roma ex Romulo urbl datum est. Sed
Remus erat Iratus et muros urbis irrlsit, quod parvl erant.
Tum unus ex comitibus Romull Remum interfecit.

2. Dux meus est Romulus, et nomen ejus huic urbl dabitur.
Nunc urbs est parva, sed postea magna et clara erit, et omnes
nomen ejus audient. Cum urbs magna erit, magnos mQros
habebit; homines tum eos muros non irrldebunt.

366. VOCABULARY

animus, -I, m., mind, spirit denique, adv., finally

attendo, -tendere, -tendi, Idem, eadem, idem, same

-tentum, turn toward; ani- Iratus, -a, -um, angry

mum attendere, give atten- irrideo, -ridere, -risi, -risum,

tion laugh at

condo, -ere, condidi, condi- narro, -are, -avi, -atum,

tum, found, establish tell, relate, tell a story

controversia, -ae, f., contro- Remus, -I, m., Remus

versy Romulus, -I, m., Romulus
EXERCISES FOR WRITING

367. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. We
are citizens of the same town, but we are not friends. 2. These
two boys were running to the same place. 3. Letters were
given to the same messenger by the lieutenant and the cen-
turion. 4. The fields of Gaul were often laid waste by the

153

same enemies. 5. We shall send the same soldiers again to
the enemy’s camp. 6. We returned to the same city in the
winter, but we did not see the same men and women.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

368. 1. What is an animated manner? 2. What is a
controversial manner? 3. What is meant by an irate parent?
4. What is a tedious narrativef

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Decline together Idem legatus. 2. Decline together eadem urbs.
3. Conjugate condo in the perfect and past perfect, active voice. 4. Con-
jugate attendo and irrideo in the future, active voice.

VIEW ON THE APPIAN WAY

154  

LESSON LVII
FUTURE PERFECT: SYNOPSIS OF VERBS

MEANING OF THE FUTURE PERFECT

369. The future perfect tense represents an act as to be
completed at some specified or suggested time in the future.
Thus, / shall have finished the work in two weeks. The future
perfect is used less frequently than the other tenses in English.
It is used somewhat more frequently in Latin than in English.

FORMATION OF THE FUTURE PERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE

370. The future perfect indicative active of the Latin
verb has the tense sign -eri-, which is added to the perfect
stem. The personal endings are used as in the present tense.
The l of the tense sign disappears before -6 in the first person
singular.

Singular

portavero, I shall have carried monuero

portaveris, you will have carried monueris

portaverit, he will have carried monuerit

Plural

portaverimus, we shall have carried monuerimus

portaveritis, you will have carried monueritis

portaverint, they will have carried monuerint

THE FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE

371. The future perfect in the passive voice is formed by
combining the past participle of a verb with the future indica-

tive of sum.

Singular

portatus ero, I shall have been carried monitus ero

portatus eris, you will have been carried monitus eris

portatus erit, he will have been carried monitus erit

 155

Plural

portatl erimus, we shall have been carried moniti erimus

portati eritis, you will have been carried monitl eritis

portatl erunt, they will have been carried monitl erunt

THE SYNOPSIS OF VERBS

372. A group of verb forms made up by taking any one
person of a verb in all the tenses of one voice and number is
called a synopsis of that verb. The synopsis of porto in the
first person singular, active voice, indicative mood, is as
follows:

Pres. porto Perf. portavl

Impf. portabam P. Perf. portaveram

Fut. portabo F. Perf. portavero

READING EXERCISE: VERBA MlLITUM ANTE PROELIUM

373. Ab omnibus partibus est silentium. Nox est obscura,
quod luna non fulget. Hostes adventum nostrum non vide-
bunt, et in castra eorum perveniemus antequam arma para-
verint. Deinde impetum faciemus et multos capiemus. Hostes
fugere non poterunt, quod castra circumveniemus. Cum
captlvls quos ceperimus, urbem nostram in triumpho intrabi-
mus, et omnes clves nos propter victoriam nostram salutabunt
et laudabunt. Laeti urbem et amlcos iterum videbimus.
Longe a patria absumus, et paene exules sumus.

Haec ante proelium erant verba mllitum.

374. VOCABULARY

adventus, -us, m., coming, ar- fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, shine

rival intro, -are, -avi, -atum, enter

antequam, conj., before silentium, -I, n., silence

captivus, -I, m., prisoner triumphus, -I, m., triumph

deinde, adv., next verbum, -I, n., word
fugio, -ere, fugi, flee

156

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

376. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. We
shall be happy, because we shall have seen our native country
again. 2. I shall have walked for a long time, and I shall be
tired out. 3. When you (shall) have returned, you will be
unhappy. 4. The legion will have driven back the enemy,
but the danger will remain. 5. The king had fled with a few
companions. 6. The Romans often led barbarians in triumph
through the streets of Rome.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

376. 1. Give a noun which is derived from adventus.

2. Complete the following outline of derivation by replac-
ing the dash by a Latin verb: captive, captivus, .

3. Give a noun which is derived from fugio. 4. Find from
a dictionary the meaning of refulgent. 5. What is a triumphal
procession?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the third person plural of laudo in the active voice, in the
six tenses which have been studied. 2. Give the third person singular
of mitto in the active and passive of the six tenses which have been studied.
3. Conjugate maneo in the perfect and future perfect, active voice.

ROMAN SPOONS AND BOWL

 157

LESSON LVIII

DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS

377. Most verbs meaning to please, displease, trust, dis-
trust, believe, persuade, serve, obey, favor, resist, envy, threaten,
pardon, and spare govern the dative.

Equus tibi placet, the horse pleases you.

a. The verbs pareo and resisto, previously given, are
of this class.

b. The English equivalents of these verbs take direct
objects, but the Latin words did not suggest to the
Romans a direct object. Thus persuadere meant make
attractive to, and placere meant be pleasing to.

READING EXERCISE

378. 1. Animum attendite et audlte, comites. Illum
collem capere jussl sumus. Duci nostro parebimus, et statim
impetum faciemus. Copiae hostium nobls non diii resistent,
quod paucae sunt, et castra eorum non facile defendl possunt.
Brevl tempore illl erunt aut captivl aut mortul.

2. Socils nostrls gratias agimus quod auxilium nobls dederunt.
Ex maximo bello servatl sumus, et iterum in terra nostra est
pax. Niiper patria nostra in magno perlculo erat, sed nunc
hostes ex urbibus agrlsque expulsl sunt. Ab omnibus partibus
voces eorum audimus qul propter flnem belll laetl sunt.
Nunc ipsum nomen belll odimus.

379. VOCABULARY

ago, agere, egi, actum, do, mortuus, -a, -um, dead

drive nuper, adv., recently

brevis, -e, short odi, odisse, hate

gratia, -ae, f., favor; gratias -que, conj., and

agere, to thank vox, vocis, f., voice

maximus, -a, -um, greatest

158  

a. The conjunction -que, meaning and, is joined to
the second of the two words which it connects. Thus,
collis montesque means the hill and the mountains. A
word or syllable which is thus attached to the end of
another word is called an enclitic. The preposition cum
is used as an enclitic with the ablative forms of ego,
tu, qui, and the reflexive sui (Section 351, c).

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

380. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. Boys,
obey your father, and remain at home. 2. The boys obeyed
their father and mother and remained at home. 3. We have
resisted the enemy, and we have saved the town. 4. I hear
the voices of the sentinels who are in f ront of the camp. 5. The
consul will lead the prisoners in triumph through the city.
6. The citizens thanked us, and our friends praised us.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

381. 1. What connection in meaning can you see between
action and ago? 2. What is brevityf 3. What is meant by
the maximum capacity? 4. What is the meaning of odiumt
5. What is vocal music?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the Latin forfriend in the sentences “He praises his friend”
and “He pleases his friend.” 2. Write two English sentences contain-
ing direct objects which will be translated into Latin by the dative and
two containing direct objects which will be translated by the accusative.
3. Write two English sentences containing indirect objects. 4. Write
the third person singular of ago, active and passive, in all six tenses.

 159

LESSON LIX

FORMS OF QUESTIONS

382. There are three forms of Latin questions aside from
those which are introduced by an interrogative pronoun or
adverb. The first form has -ne, added to an important word,
usually the first word, the second form is introduced by
nonne, and the third by num. The translation of these three
forms is illustrated by the following:

Venitne? has he comef

Nonne venit? has he not come (hasrtt he come)?

Num venit? he has not come, has hef

a. Sometimes -ne is omitted, and a question of the
first form indicated merely by the interrogation point.

b. In answers “yes” is often expressed by ita (liter-
ally, so). Often a question is answered by repeating the
verb. Thus, “Venitne?” “Has he come?” “Venit,” “He
has.” The answer “no” may be expressed by non (or
minime) or by repeating the verb with a negative. Thus
“Adestne?” “Is he present?” “Non adest,” “No.”

READING EXERCISE: PUER IN FLUMEN CADIT

383. 1. Parvus puer in flumen cecidit. In perlculo est,
quod flumen altum est.

Num puer natare potest?

Minime. Funem demittite.

Ego in flumen desiliam et eum juvabo.

Potesne tu. natare?

Ita. Nonne saepe in flumine et lacii nato? Da mihi
funem, et puerum servabo.

Nunc puer funem prehendit. Trahite, amici, puerum
juvate.

2. Omnes natare sclre debent. Slc aut vitam suam ser-

160  

vare aut alios juvare poterunt. Is qui bene natat non timet
cum in fhlmen cadit.

Sciuntne amlci tul natare?

Ita. Nonne nos vldistis in fhimine quod non longe ab
oppido nostro abest? Ibi saepe natamus.

384. VOCABULARY

cado, -ere, cecidi, fall lacus, -us, m., lake

demitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- minime, adv., least, not at all

sum, let down prehendo, -hendere, -hendi,

desilio, -ire, -ui, desultum, -hensum, seize, take hold of

jump down traho, -ere, traxi, tractum,

funis, funis, -ium, m., rope drag, draw, pull

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

385. Tell which form of question is illustrated by each of
the first four sentences which follow. Translate all the sen-
tences into Latin: 1. Do you not see the men and the bridge?
2. The river is not deep, is it? 3. Do the consuls live on the
Palatine? 4. Did not our soldiers save your (native) country?
5. Your army resisted the barbarians bravely, but you did
not have sufnciently large forces. 6. The soldiers obey the
lieutenant, but they hate him.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

386. 1. What relation in form can you see between cado
and accidentf What Latin preposition is represented by the
first syllable of accidentf 2. Find from a dictionary the mean-
ing of desultory. 3. What is a prehensile-t&iled monkey?
4. What is a tractorf

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Write English sentences illustrating each class of Latin questions
described in the lesson. 2. Give the present active infinitive of each
verb in the lesson. 3. Decline the pronouns ego and tu. 4. Decline
the relative pronoun.

161

387.

SEVENTH REVIEW LESSON

VOCABULARY REVIEW, LESSONS LII-LIX

adventus, -tis

animus, -I

captlvus, -I

controversia, -ae

fuga, -ae

funis, fiinis

gratia, -ae

honor, honoris

injuria, -ae

lacus, -us

pax, pacis

securis, securis

signifer, -eri

silentium, -I

sol, solis

triumphus, -I

, , enugio, -ere

verbera, verberum

vox, vocis

ego, gen. mel possum, posse

Idem, eadem, idem prehendo, -ere
ipse, ipsa, ipsum recipio, -ere

tu, gen. tui
uter, -tra, -trum

ago, -ere
aperio, -Ire
attendo, -ere
cado, -ere
caedo, -ere
circumvenio, -Ire
condo, -ere
demitto, -ere
desilio, -Ire
dlco, -ere

alter, altera,

alterum
brevis, -e
diirus, -a, -um
Iratus, -a, -um

exeo, -lre
frango, -ere
fugio, -ere
fulgeo, -ere
intro, -are
irrldeo, -ere
odl

resisto, -ere
restituo, -ere
siimo, -ere
surgo, -ere
teneo, -ere
traho, -ere

antequam

deinde

denique

magis

minime

nondum

numquam

nuper

paene

tiito

an

enim
-que

maximus, -a, -um pello, -ere
mortuus, -a, -um peto, -ere

ROMANCE WORDS FROM LATIN

388. We have already seen (Lesson I, page 1) that the
Romance languages are of Latin origin.

A glance at the following table, giving the numbers from
one to ten in Latin and in the modern languages derived from

162

Latin, will show how close the relation is between these lan-
guages and Latin.

Latin Italian French Spanish Portuguese Roumanian English

iinus uno un uno um

duo due deux dos dois

tres tre trois tres trez

quattuor quattro quatre cuatro quatro

qulnque cinque cinq cinco cinco

sex sei six seis seis

septem sette sept siete sete

octo otto huit ocho oito

novem nove neuf nueve nove

decem dieci dix diez dez

a. The French words for the (Je, la, les) are derived
from Latin ille. The word for is (est) is spelled in
French exactly as in Latin although pronounced differ-
ently.

un

one

doi

two

trei

three

patru

four

cinci

five

sesse

six

septe

seven

opt

eight

noua

nine

zece

ten

Posted in Latin Lessons.


Latin I (Section VI)

WORD STUDY: ASSIMILATION

233 . The f orm of a Latin prefix is sometimes changed because
of the letter which immediately f ollows it. For example, before
words beginning with p the prefix ad becomes ap-. Thus from
ad and propinquo we get appropinquo. The change of a letter
because of the influence of an adjoining letter is called as-
similation. The words occupo and oppugno in the review vocab-
ulary of page 73 are examples of assimilation. The prefix
with which they are both formed is ob, against. Before c this
has become oc- (ob+capio, occupo), and before p it has become
op- (ob+pugno, oppugno).

Sometimes a letter is not changed to the same letter as that
which follows, but to one which can be easily pronounced with
it. The prefix com- becomes con- before d or s. Hence we
have conduco from com- and duco, and conservo from com-
and servo. The meaning of this prefix will be explained later.

SPELLING OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

234. The fact that certain English words have doubled
consonants (acc-, occ-, off-) is due to assimilation in the Latin
words from which they have come. Thus difficult is from a
Latin word in the development of which the inseparable
prefix dis- has become dif- bef ore a word beginning with f ; hence
we have ff in difficult. In the word correction the letters cor
represent the prefix com-, and the second r is from rego to
which com- has been prefixed, giving rr in the derived word.

(1) The following words have aff- because they are from
Latin words in which ad was prefixed to a word beginning with f .

affable

affidavit

affix

affect

affiliate

afflict

affection

affirm

affront

(2) The following words have ann- because they are from
Latin words in which ad was prefixed to a word beginning
with n.

98  

annex announce

annihilate annul

annotate

EXERCISE

Pind how many words in your English dictionary begin with acc-.
(Nearly all these are derived from the combination of ad and a word
beginning with c.)

LESSON XXXVI

PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

235. The past passive participle of porto is portatus, -a,
-um, translated either by the compound participle having
been carried, or simply by the past participle carried. The
participle of moneo is monitus, -a, -um, meaning having been
warned, or simply warned. Thus, Puer a patre monitus ad
scholam properabat, may be translated The boy, having been
warned by his father, was hastening to school, or The boy, warned
by his father, was hastening to school.

The past passive participle is declined throughout like bonus.
A participle agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun
or pronoun to which it belongs.

PARTICIPLES

(25) There are certain verb forms which not only denote action, but
also serve to tell something about a person or thing very much as an
adjective does. Thus, in the sentence, The boy, frightened by the noise,
called for help, the word frightened is a f orm of the verb frighten, but it
serves to tell something about the situation or condition of the boy. It is
called a participle, and it shares something of the character of a verb and
of an adjective. It has the character of a verb in that it denotes action
and it has the character of an adjective in that it tells something about a
noun or pronoun.

 99

a. The past participle of juvo is jutus, -a, -um, of
do is datus, -a, -um (differing from portatus in that
the a is short). All other verbs of the first conjuga-
tion which have been given thus far form their past par-
ticiples like porto i 1 for example, laudatus, amatus, etc.

READING EXERCISE: HOSTES URBEM OPPUGNARE
PARANT

236. 1. Vigiles ex moenibus urbis prospectant et agmen
hostium procul vident. Hostes appropinquant et urbem
oppugnare parant. Sed portae et moenia urbis sunt valida,
et ante moenia est vallum. Mllites a duce monitl nunc ad
moenia properant. Clves auxilium a socils quoque expectant.

2. Ad urbem aporopinquamus et eam oppugnare paramus.
Mllites nostri sunt defessl, quod iter hodie longum fuit. Sed
statim oppugnabimus, quod clves urbis auxilium a socils
expectant.

3. Auxihum a clvibus expectatum non adest. Clves et
mllites in urbe fortiter pugnant, sed mox erit flnis proelii.
Urbs expugnata delebitur. Multl clves erunt servl.

237. VOCABULARY

agmen, agminis, n., column, porta, -ae, f., gate

line procul, adv., at a distance

finis, finis, m., end, limit; prospecto, -are, look forth,

plural, country, territory look

iter, itineris, n., road, journey, vallum, -I, n., rampart, wall

march vigil, vigilis, m., sentinel
moenia, -ium, n., pl., walls (o/

a city)

a. The declension of iter is given in full on page 243.
Its cases are formed in accordance with the same prin-
ciples as the nouns given on page 85.

1 The verb sto has no past participle.

100  

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

238. Translate into Latin: 1. The soldier, having been
warned, hastened to the camp. 2. The enemy, having been
defeated, will be slaves. 3. The boys, having been praised,
will work well. 4. My brother, having been invited, remained
in town. 5. The girl, having often been warned, fears
danger.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

239. 1. Where is finis sometimes found in English books?
2. What is an itineraryf 3. What is the meaning of the word
portalf

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Write the complete declension of portatus and monitus. 2. Give
the form of amatus which will agree with patria as subject; with the
word for “woman” as object. 3. Decline vigil.

LESSON XXXVII
PRINCIPAL PARTS: STEMS OF VERBS

THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB

240. There are certain forms of a verb which show us im-
portant facts regarding the conjugation of the verb in the
different tenses. These are called principal parts.

The principal parts of a Latin verb are the present indicative
active (first person singular), the present infinitive active, the
perfect indicative active (first person singular), and the past
passive participle. Any form of a verb may be made when
these are known.

The principal parts of porto and moneo are as f ollows :

porto, portare, portavi, portatum
moneo, monere, monui, monitum

FIRST LATIN. ‘LESSQNS 101

a. The neuter form of the past participle is given in
the principal parts for the reason that the past parti-
ciples of some verbs have no masculine or feminine forms.
But for most verbs, the participle is declined in all three
genders. Thus, amatus, -a, -um, territus, -a, -um, etc.

THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF FIRST CONJUGATION VERBS

241. All first conjugation verbs given thus far, except juvo,
do, and sto, form their principal parts like porto. The princi-
pal parts of these three are as f ollows :

do, dare, dedl, datum
juvo, juvare, juvi, jutum
sto, stare, steti

a. The fourth principal part of std will be explained
later; do is irregular in having the a short in the infinitive
and past participle.

THE STEMS OF THE VERB

242. If from the present infinitive laudare we drop -re we
have left what is known as the present stem. The stem of a
verb is the body of the verb to which tense signs and endings
are added.

A verb regularly has three stems : the present, the perf ect, and
the participial. The present stem is found by dropping -re
from the present active infinitive, and the perfect stem by
dropping -I from the first person singular of the perfect indica-
tive active. The participial stem is found by dropping -um
from the past participle: portatum, stem portat-; monitum,
stem monit-.

IMPORTANCE OF PRINCIPAL PARTS AND STEMS

243. In order to find the stems of a verb, it is necessary to
know its principal parts. These facts which have been stated
regarding the formation and use of stems are true of all verbs

102 Fi£ST LATIN LESSONS

in the Latin language. It is therefore very important that
they be remembered.

USE OF THE STEMS

244. The present, the imperfect, and the future indicative,
active and passive, are formed on the present stem.

The perfect stem is used only in the active voice. The
perfect active indicative, which has already been given, and
the past perfect and future perfect indicative, which will be
given later, are formed on this stem.

Only a few forms are made on the participial stem.

THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF SECOND CONJUGATION VERBS

245. The principal parts of the second conjugation verbs
which have been given thus far are as follows:

moneo, monere, monui, monitum

debeo, debere, debul, debitum

habeo, habere, habul, habitum

pareo, parere, parul

timeo, timere, timul

sileo, silere, silul

maneo, manere, mansl, mansum

jubeo, jubere, jussl, jussum

moveo, movere, movl, motum

sedeo, sedere, sedl, sessum

video, videre, vldl, vlsum

respondeo, respondere, respondl, responsum

deleo, delere, delevT, deletum

audeo, audere

a. Some verbs do not have a past passive participle.
This is true of the verbs which have only three principal
parts in the list above. The perfect of audeo is omitted
at this time because it is not formed like that of the
other verbs above.

 103

LESSON XXXVIII

PERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE AND THE PAST INFINITIVE
THE PERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVE OF PORTO AND MONEO

246. The perfect indicative passive, unlike the other tenses
which have been given, is not formed by adding personal
endings to a stem. Instead, the past passive participle is
used with the present tense of the verb sum. Two separate
words are used to represent each person and number. The
perfect indicative passive of porto and moneo is as follows:

Singular

portatus sum, I was carried or I have been carried
portatus es, you were carried or you have been carried
portatus est, he was carried or he has been carried

Plural

portati sumus, we were carried or we have been carried
portati estis, you were carried or you have been carried
portati sunt, they were carried or they have been carried

Singular

monitus sum, I was warned or / have been warned
monitus es, you were warned or you have been warned
monitus est, he was warned or he has been warned

Plural

monitl sumus, we were warned or we have been warned
monitl estis, you were warned or you have been warned
moniti sunt, they were warned or they have been warned

a. The forms of this tense are translated more fre-
quently by the English past tense, / was carried, etc,
than by the present perfect.

104  

b. The participle used in forming this tense agrees
with the subject in gender and number.

PAST INFINITIVES

247. There is a past infinitive in Latin, as in English. Its
forms and meanings in both voices are as follows:

ACTIVE PASSIVE

I. portavisse, to have carried portatus esse, to have been carried
II. monuisse, to have warned monitus esse, to have been warned

a. The past active infinitive is formed by adding -isse
to the perfect stem. The past passive infinitive con-
sists of the past passive participle and the present infini-
tive of sum.

The past infinitive of sum is fuisse, to have been.

READING EXERCISE

248. 1. Agrl nostrl ab hostibus vastatl sunt, et multa op-
pida occupata sunt. Auxilium a clvibus nostrls populo Ro-
mano in bello olim datum est, et populus Romanus nunc nos
juvare debet. Auxilium vestrum postulamus.

2. Urbs nostra erit in (on) illo parvo monte. Locus idoneus
est quod flumen non longe abest, et ex eo flumine aquam ha-
bebimus. Urbs Roma appellabitur. Circum urbem erit
murus. Rlpa ulterior fluminis nunc est in terra Etruscorum,
sed illa terra mox erit Romana. Etrtiscos superabimus. No-
men urbis nostrae multls gentibus notum erit.

249. VOCABULARY

appello, -are, -avi, -atum, call, idoneus, -a, -um, suitable

name mons, montis, -ium, m., moun-

aqua, -ae, f., water tain

circum, prep. with acc, around nomen, nominis, n., name

Etrusci, -orum, m., pl., the Roma, -ae, f., Rome

Etruscans ulterior, farther

105

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

250. Translate into Latin: 1. Our soldiers have often been
praised. 2. The cities of our allies have been seized by the
enemy (plural). 3. Your son has not been seen. 4. But I
have seen your daughter in the street. 5. The money has not
been given to this man.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

251. 1. What is an appellationf 2. What is an aqueductf
3. Find two compounds of circum. 4. What is the meaning
of nomenclaturef 5. What is an ulterior motive?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the Latin for the following: he has warned, he has been warned;
they have ordered, they have been ordered; we have praised, we have been
praised. 2. Rewrite the first sentence of 1, section 248, changing the
verb to the active voice, and making such other changes as are necessary.

THE CAPITOLINE HILL (rESTORATION)

106  

LESSON XXXIX

THIRD CONJUGATION -O VERBS, PRESENT INDICATIVE

252. Verbs of the third conjugation have the ending -ere
in the present active infinitive. This ending must be distin-
guished from that of the second conjugation, which is -ere
(long e). There are two classes of verbs of the third conjuga-
tion, one class with the ending -6 and the other class with the
ending -io in the first person singular of the present active
indicative.

Those of the first class are conjugated as follows in the pres-
ent indicative:

duco, I lead

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Singular

diico, / lead dticor, I am led

ducis, you lead diiceris, you are led

dticit, he leads ducitur, he is led

Plural

ducimus, we lead ducimur, we are led

ducitis, you lead dticiminl, you are led

ducunt, they lead dticuntur, they are led

253. One or more forms of the following third conjugation
verbs of the same class as duco have appeared in the preceding
lessons :

disco, -ere, didici, — , learn
edo, -ere, edi, esum, eat
lego, -ere, legl, lectum, read
scrlbo, -ere, scrlpsl, scrlptum, write

 107

READING EXERCISE: BONUS DUX

254. Illa legio vincit, quod ducem bonum habet. Is bene
diicit, et mllites hostes non timent. Sed pars copiarum
nostrarum habet alium ducem, et hi mllites in periculo sunt.
Hostes castra oppugnabunt et occupabunt. Ille dux nunc
nuntium mittit, et hic ntintius auxilium postulabit. Auxilium
mittere paramus. Sine bono duce milites in perlculo sunt.
Bonus dux semper paratus est, et hostes eum timent. Castra
in loco inlquo non ponit, neque mllites ejus sine armls sunt.

255. VOCABULARY

alius, alia, aliud, another nuntius, -I, m., messenger

duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, lead pars, partis, -ium, f., part

iniquus, -a, -um, unfavorable, pono, -ere, posui, positum,

unjust place, pitch

legio, -onis, f., legion vinco, -ere, vici, victum, con-

mitto, -ere, misi, missum, send quer, defeat

a. The genitive and dative singular of alius are not
formed like those of regular adjectives of the first and
second declensions. They are not used in the exercises
of this book.

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

256. 1. Castra nostra in rlpa fluminis poni — (subject “we”).
2. Clves cibum ad mllites mitt — . 3. Cibus a clvibus ad ml-
lites mitti — . 4. Quis illam legionem duci — ? 5. Legio nos-
tra ducem bonum habe — (has) .

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

257. 1. Find from a dictionary the meaning of alias 1 as an
English word. 2. Give two English words from the present

1 The form alias is reaily a Latin adverb which is derived from the adjective alius.

108  

stem of duco and two from the participial stem. 3. What is
the literal meaning of particlef 4. What is the difference
in meaning between the verbs convince and convict, both of
which are derived from vinco?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Conjugate pono, jubeo, and postulo in the present indicative, active
and passive. 2. Give the third person plural, active and passive, of
vinco, habeo, and expecto. 3. Conjugate vinco in the perfect indicative,
active and passive.

LESSON XL

THIRD CONJUGATION -10 VERBS, PRESENT INDICATIVE

258. The present indicative of -io verbs of the third con-
jugation is as follows:

capio, I toke

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Singular Singular

capio, I take capior, I am taken

capis, you take caperis, you are taken

capit, he takes capitur, he is taken

Plural Plural

capimus, we take capimur, we are taken

capitis, you take capiminl, you are taken

capiunt, they take capiuntur, they are taken

a. The only forms in which the verbs of this class differ
from those of the first class in the present tense are the
first person singular and the third person plural.

 109

READING EXERCISE: CENTURIO CUM DUCE
BARBARORUM PUGNAT

259. Centurio Romanus gladium et scutum capit et pro
castrls procedit. Dux barbarorum quoque procedit. Hi duo
pugnant, et centurio ducem barbarorum interficit. Tum
mllites Romani centurionem excipiunt cum magnls clamoribus,
et imperator ei praemium dat.

Gladium et scutum capio et pro castrls procedo. Cum duce
barbarorum pugno, et eum interficio. Tum mllites et impe-
rator me laudant et mihi praemium datur. Comites mei laetl
sunt quod ita laudor. Pater meus quoque laetus erit quod
bonus mlles et bonus centurio sum.

260. VOCABULARY

capio, -ere, cepi, captum, take, imperator, -oris, m., general
capture interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fec-

centurio, -onis, m., centurion tum, kill

clamor, -oris, m., shout procedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces-

comes, comitis, m., companion sum, proceed, advance

duo, duae, duo, two

excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep-
tum, receive

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

261. 1. Mllites gladios et sctita capi — . 2. Romanl mul-
tos barbaros in proelio interfici — . 3. Ducem nostrum cum
magnls clamoribus excipi — (subject “we”). 4. Centurio a
mllitibus cum magnls clamoribus excipi — . 5. Auxilium a
Romanis non mitti — .

ENGLISH DERIVATTVES FROM LATIN

262. 1. What is a clamorous throng? Find from a diction-
ary the derivation of the word count (a title of nobility).
3. What is a dual empire? 4. Find from a dictionary the
derivation of emperor.

110  

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Conjugate interficio and mitto in the present indicative, active
and passive. 2. Give the Latin for the following: they make, they see,
they place, they send; we receive, we conquer, we order, we demand.

LESSON XLI
ABLATIVE OF MEANS

THE ABLATIVE WITHOUT A PREPOSITION

263. In the preceding lessons the ablative has been used
as the object of certain Latin prepositions. Sometimes, how-
ever, the ablative is used without a preposition. In the sen-
tence Puer saxo vulneratus est, the boy was wounded by the
stone, the phrase by the stone is translated by the ablative
saxo, without any preposition. In like manner in the sentence
Galli gladiis pugnant, the Gauls fight with swords, the ablative
gladiis is used without a preposition.

THE THTNG BY WHICH, AND THE PERSON BY WHOM
OR WITH WHOM

264. The phrases by the stone and with swords in the sentences
above denote the means by which or with which an act is done.
In the sentences The boy was helped by the man and He walks
with a friend the phrases by the man and with a friend are quite
different from the preceding phrases. In the first of these
sentences by the man denotes the person by whom the act was
done, and will be translated a viro ; in the second with a friend
denotes the person in company with whom an act is done and
will be translated cum amico.

MEANS, AGENT, AND ACCOMPANIMENT

265. A word used to express the means with which an act
is done, as saxd and gladiis above, is said to be in the ablaHve

 111

of means. A word denoting the person by whom an act is
done is said to be in the ablative of agent, and a word denoting
the person with whom one is associated in doing an act is said
to be in the ablative of accompaniment. The ablative of means
has no preposition, the ablative of agent always has a or ab,
and the ablative of accompaniment commonly has cum. In
the preceding paragraph viro is an ablative of agent and amico
an ablative of accompaniment.

READING EXERCISE

266. 1. Gladio me defendo et scuto me tego. Jaculum
quoque habeo. Jaculum in (at) hostes jacio cum hi non longe
absunt. Hostes interdum jaculis graviter vulnerantur aut
interficiuntur. In capite meo est galea. Hostes quoque
gladios et scuta et galeas habent. Gladii eorum sunt longl,
sed gladius meus non longus est. Barbarl saepe longls hastis
pugnant. Romani hastas non habent.

2. Barbarl nunc agros Etriiscorum vastant et Etriiscos e
patria expellere cupiunt. Etrtiscl pro patria pugnant. Terra
Etruscorum a Roma non longe abest, sed Etruscl sunt hostes
Romanorum, et saepe cum els bellum gerunt.

267. VOCABULARY

cupio, -ere, -Ivi, -Itum, wish graviter, adv., seriously, heav-

defendo, -fendere, -fendi, ily

-fensum, defend hasta, -ae, f., spear

expello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- jacio, -ere, jeci, jactum, throw

sum, drive out longus, -a, -um, long

gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, bear, tego, -ere, texi, tectum, cover,

carry, carry on, wage protect

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

268. Translate the following sentences into Latin: 1. The
soldier wounds the barbarian with a sword. 2. The leader of
the soldiers was killed by a javelin. 3. The Gauls and Ger-

112

mans fought with spears. 4. The centurion protects his
friend with a shield. 5. The soldier’s head is protected by a
helmet.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

269. 1. What is an indefensible attitude? 2. What con-
nection in meaning can you see between reject and jacio?
3. What is longevity? 4. What is the meaning of cupidityf
What connection can you see between the meaning of this
word and cupio?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. What is the difference in the form of translation for the phrases with
by in the sentences He was wounded by a javelin and H e was wounded by
the enemy? 2. Write two English sentences containing phrases with by
which would require a preposition if translated into Latin. 3. Write two
English sentences containing phrases with by or with which would be
translated into Latin without a preposition.

THE APPIAN WAY IN THE TIME OF AUGUSTUS

 113

LESSON XLII

FOURTH CONJUGATION

PRESENT INDICATIVE OF AUDIO

270.- The present active infinitive of the fourth conjugation
tnds in -Ire: audid, / hear, audire, to hear. The present
indicati ve is as f ollows :

audio, I hear

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Singular

audio, I hear audior, I am heard

audls, you hear audlris, you are heard

audit, he hears audltur, he is heard

Plural

audimus, we hear audlmur, we are heard

audltis, you hear audiminl, you are heard

audiunt, they hear audiuntur, they are heard

a. In the present indicative of the fourth conjugation,
as seen above, the characteristic vowel (I) is long, except
in the first person singular, active and passive, the third
person singular, active, and the third person plural,
active and passive. The third conjugation has the cor-
responding vowel short.

THE PERFECT SYSTEM OF THE THTRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

271. In the perfect, active and passive, verbs of the third
and fourth conjugations are conjugated in the same manner
as verbs of the first and second conjugations. The perfect
and the participial stems are found from the principal parts,
as has already been explained (p. 101), and the tense signs
and personal endings are used with the perfect stems in exactly
the same manner as with the perfect stems of porto and moneo :

114  

duxi, duxisti, etc. ; ductus sum, ductus es, etc. ; audivi, audivistl,
etc; audltus sum, auditus es, etc.

READING EXERCISE

272. 1. Sonum multorum pedum audio. Hostes appro-
pinquant. Sctita et galeas eorum per tenebras video. Castra
nostra expugnare cupiunt, sed arma parata habemus. Non
solum pro patria sed etiam pro vlta pugnabimus, et non
facile superabimur. Dux noster cum multls mllitibus mox
aderit, et hl nos juvabunt. Alil mllites nunc castra a tergo
muniunt, et ea pars mox tuta erit.

2. Sonus multorum pedum audltur. Sed castra muniuntur,
et mllites Romanl paratl sunt. Mllites sciunt numerum
hostium esse magnum.

3. Hostes sonum pedum nostrorum audiunt. Sciita et
galeas nostras per tenebras vident. Castra eorum expugnare
cupimus, sed arma parata habent, et alil mllites cum duce
bono veniunt.

273. VOCABULARY

audio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, hear scio, scire, sclvl, scltum, know

munio, -Ire, -Ivl, -Itum, fortify sonus, -I, m., sound

non solum . . sed etiam, not tenebrae, -arum, f., pl, dark-

only . . but also ness

pes, pedis, m., foot venio, -Ire, venl, ventum, come

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

274. Translate into Latin: 1. We fortify the camp, and
we prepare arms. 2. Loud (great) shouts are heard in the
forest. 3. The sound of battle is heard in the streets. 4. Your
brother comes alone from the house. 5. We come from a city
of your allies.

 115

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

275. 1. What is an auditoriumf 2. Give an adjective
which is derived from audio. 3. What are ?nunitionsf 4.
What is a pedestalf Give another word from pes. 5. What
is the original meaning of sciencef 6. What is a sonorous
voice?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Conjugate munio and cupio in the present indicative, active and
passive. 2. Give the Latin for the following: he comes, he has come;
he is heard, he is taken; to come, to take; we come, we have come, we take.

THEATER OP POMPEII

116

LESSON XLIII

IMPERFECT OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

276. The tense sign of the imperfect indicative in the third
and fourth conjugations is -ba-, as in the first and second con-
jugations. The imperfect indicative of duco is formed exactly
like the same tense of moneo. Verbs of the fourth conjugation
have -ie- before the tense sign.

ducebam, I was leading
diicebar, I was being led

audiebam, I was hearing
audiebar, I was being heard

ACTIVE

PASSIVE ACTIVE
Singular

PASSIVE

ducebam

ducebar audiebam

audiebar

dticebas

dticebaris audiebas

audiebaris

ducebat

ducebatur audiebat

audiebatur

Plural

ducebamus

diicebamur audiebamus

audiebamur

ducebatis

diicebamini audiebatis

audiebaminl

ducebant

ducebantur audiebant

audiebantur

a. The imperfect of capio and other -id verbs of the
third conjugation is exactly like the imperfect of the
fourth conjugation: capiebam, capiebas, etc.

READING EXERCISE

277. 1. In ripa fltiminis jacebam et aquam spectabam.
Flumen celeriter fluebat. Parvus frater meus non longe a
ripa in gramine dormiebat. \Mater mea et sorores sub arbore
cenam parabant.

2. In ripa fluminis jaceo et aquam specto. Flumen celeriter
fluit. Parvus frater meus non longe a ripa in gramine dormit.
Mater mea et sorores sub arbore parant cenam. Cena mox

 117

parata erit, et mater mea me vocabit. Tum fratrem ex somno
excitabo, et ad cenam properabimus.

3. Frater meus in rlpa fluminis jacebat et aquam spectabat.
Aqua celeriter fluebat. Non longe a ripa in gramine dormie-
bam. Cena a matre nostra et sororibus nostrls sub arbore
parabatur.

278. VOCABULARY

arbor, arboris, f., tree jaceo, -ere, -ui, lie

celeriter, adv., swiftly somnus, -I, m., sleep

dormio, -Ire, -Ivi, -Itum, sleep sub, prep. with acc. or abl.,
fluo, -ere, fluxi, flow under

gramen, graminis, n., grass

a. When used in expressions which denote motion
sub takes the accusative ; when used in expressions which
denote rest or existence it takes the ablative.

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

279. 1. In ripa fluminis puer dormieba — . 2. Soni ex
silva audieba — . 3. Romanl castra sua muro munieba — .
4. Patriam nostram armls def endeba — (subject”we”). 5. Cen-
turio legionem in proelio duceba — . 6. Etrusci cum Romanls
bellum gereba — .

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

280. 1. What is meant by arboreal animals? 2. What is
a dormant condition? 3. Give a noun which is derived from
dormio. 4. What is the relation in meaning between fluid
and fluo? 5. What is the literal meaning of subscribef

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Conjugate specto, jaceo, fluo, and venio in the imperfect indica-
tive, active voice. 2. Conjugate voco, jubed, cupio, and miinio in the
imperfect indicative, passive voice. 3. Decline arbor and gramen.

118  

LESSON XLIV

THE REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
USE OF THE REFLEXIVE

281. In the sentence He defends himself the object, himself,
denotes the same person as the subject of the sentence.
A pronoun which is thus used is called a reflexive pronoun. A
reflexive pronoun is used in the genitive, dative, accusative, or
ablative case to denote the same person as the subject of the
sentence in which it stands.

REFLEXIVES OF THE THIRD PERSON

282. The reflexive pronoun meaning himself, herself, itself,
or themselves is as follows:

Singulaj

Plural

Gen.

SUl

sui

Dat.

sibi

sibi

Acc.

se or sese

se or sese

Abl.

se or sese

se or sese

a. The reflexives for myself, yourself (yourselves) , our-
selves, are the same as the words meaning me, you, us, in
the different cases given above. Me non laudo, I do not
praise myself; Te non laudas, you do not praise yourself. It
is possible to tell from the general sense of the sentence
whether one of these forms is to be translated as a re-
flexive or as a personal pronoun (me, you, etc.)

READING EXERCISE

283. 1. Mllites Romanl fortiter se defendunt, sed hostes
eos premunt. Nisi auxilium dabitur, mox hostes eos supera-
bunt. Mllites putant se in magno perlculo esse. Sed consul
perlculum videt, et duas alias legiones mittit. Consul dux
bonus est, neque officium suum umquam neglegit.

 119

2. Mllites Romanl fortiter se defendebant, sed hostes eos
premebant. Consul dux bonus erat, neque officium neglegebat.
Milites perlculum videbant, sed putabant se tiitos esse quod
duae aliae legiones veniebant.

3. Numerus noster non est magnus, sed fortiter nos defen-
dimus. Putamus nos tiitos esse, quod ducem bonum habemus.

284. VOCABULARY

consul, consulis, m., consul premo, -ere, pressi, pressum,
neglego, -ere, neglexi, neglec- press, press hard

tum, neglect puto, -are, -avi, -atum, think

nisi, conj., unless sui, of himself, herself, itself,
numerus, -I, m., number themselves

officium, -I, n., duty umquam, adv., ever

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

285. Translate into Latin: 1. Our allies were defending
themselves, but they were demanding our aid. 2. My friend
thinks himself to be in danger. 3. The leader of the enemy
kills himself. 4. The boy wounds himself with a sword. 5.
The boy defends himself bravely, but he is in great danger.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

286. 1. What is a consul, as a modern government official?
What was the nature of the duties of a Roman consul? 2. Give
an adjective derived from the past participle of neglego.
3. What is a numeralf 4. What is the meaning of the phrase
ex officio. 1

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Write three English sentences, illustrating the use of the reflexive
in the first, second, and third persons (one in each sentence). 2. Con-
jugate premo in the perfect indicative, active and passive. 3. Decline
together the words for this duty.

1 This phrase when used in English is pronounced ex offishio.

120

287.

FIFTH REVIEW LESSON

VOCABULARY REVIEW, LESSONS XXXVI-XLIV

agmen, agminis

tenebrae, -arum

jaceo, -ere

aqua, -ae

vallum, -I

jacio, -ere

arbor, arboris

vigil, vigilis

mitto, -ere

centurio, -onis

munio, -Ire

clamor, clamoris

alius, -a, -ud

neglego, -ere

comes, comitis

idoneus, -a, -um

pono, -ere

consul, consulis

iniquus, -a, -um

premo, -ere

finis, flnis

longus, -a, -um

procedo, -ere

gramen, graminis

ulterior

prospecto, -are

hasta, -ae

duo

puto, -are

imperator, -oris

sul

scio, -Ire

iter, itineris

tego, -ere

legio, -onis

appello, -are

venio, -Ire

moenia, -ium

audio, -Ire

vinco, -ere

mons, montis

capio, -ere

nomen, nominis

cupio, -ere

celeriter

numerus, -I

defendo, -ere

graviter

niintius, -I

dormio, -Ire

procul

officium, -1

duco, -ere

umquam

pars, partis

excipio, -ere

pes, pedis

expello, -ere

nisi

porta, -ae

fluo, -ere

somnus, -I

gero, -ere

circum

sonus, -I

interficio, -ere

sub

WORD STUDY— ADDITIONAL PREFIXES

288. The prepositions ab (from), ad (to, toward), circum
(around), trans (across), and some others have about the same
meaning when used as prefixes as when used independently.
Thus, transporto means carry across or convey across. Some
prefixes, however, take on slightly different meanings from
those which they commonly have as separate words.

 121

THE PREFIX COM-

289. The preposition cum (with) appears as a prefix in the
form com- (by assimilation con-, col-, cor-, co-). Its most
frequent meaning as a prefix is together. Thus convenio
means come together. Sometimes the force of the prefix almost
entirely disappears, leaving the word which it was used to
form with almost the same meaning as the original word to
which it was added. The word comparo, prepare, differs very
little in meaning from the simple verb paro, to which com- was
added. Occasionally the meaning of the original word is
emphasized by the prefix. The English word corrupt is from
a Latin word in which com- (becoming cor-) thus serves to
emphasize the meaning of the original word.

THE PREPOSITION IN AS A PREFIX

290. The preposition in (in, on) (sometimes becoming by
assimilation il-, im-, ir-) appears in many words. Examples
of its use are induco, impono. The English words illuminate,
illusion, illustrate, illustrious have ill- at the beginning because
the prefix in was joined to a word beginning with l, and 11
resulted from the assimilation of n before l.

THE INSEPARABLE PREFIX IN-

291. There is also an inseparable prefix in-, meaning not,
which is an entirely different word from the preposition given
above. It is found in many adjectives, such as immortalis
(not mortal), impotens (not powerful), inimicus (not friendly).
Its use in English words is illustrated by incomplete, illegal,
impossible, irregular. This prefix is used in some English
words which have not come directly from Latin.

EXERCISE

Look up the words beginning with in on one or two pages of your English
dictionary, and decide which are formed with the preposition in and which
with the inseparable prefix in-.

122

LESSON XLV
THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS (Continued)

THE FUTURE INDICATIVE OF THE THIRD AND FOURTH CONJUGATIONS

292. Verbs of the third and fourth conjugation are con-
jugated as follows in the future:

ACTIVE

Singular

diicam, I shall lead
diices, you will lead
diicet, he will lead

Plural

ducemus, we shall lead
ducetis, you will lead
ducent, they will lead

PASSIVE
Singular

diicar, I shall be led
diiceris, you will be led
ducetur, he willbe led

Plural

ducemur, we shall be led
ducemini, you will be led
diicentur, they will be led

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

capiam

capiemus

capiar

capiemur

capies

capietis

capieris

capiemini

capiet

capient

capietur

capientur

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

Singular

Plural

Singular

Plural

audiam

audiemus

audiar

audiemur

audies

audietis

audieris

audiemini

audiet

audient

audietur

audientur

TENSE SIGN OF THE FUTURE

293. We have seen that in the first and second conjugations
the tense sign of the future is -bi-. In the third and fourth
conjugations the future tense sign is -e-, which is replaced by
-a- in the first person singular. The e becomes short before
the personal endings -t, -nt, and -ntur.

 123

PRESENT INFINITIVES OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS

294.

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

I.

portare, to carry

portarl, to be carried

II.

monere, to warn

moneri, to be warned

III.

ducere, to lead

ducl, to be led

capere, to take

capl, to be taken

IV.

audire, to hear

audlrl, to be heard

a. In the first, second, and fourth conjugations the
final e of the active endings (-are, -ere, -Ire) is replaced
by l in the passive, while in the third conjugation, the
entire ending (-ere) is replaced by -I.

READING EXERCISE: LOCUS CASTRORUM

295. Castra nostra non longe ab illo monte ponemus.
Castra vallo muniemus, quod hostes non longe absunt. Castella
erunt, et vigiles ex castellls spectabunt. Arma parata habe-
bimus, et si hostes ad castra venient, eos repellemus. Rex
hostium copias suas ducit, et magnum numerum sociorum
habet. Hi socii sunt barbarl. Exploratores nostrl in silva
latent et iter hostium spectant. Inter castra nostra et hostes
est flumen altum, et hostes nullas naves habent. Sed non
longe ab hoc loco est pons sublicius in flumine. Mllites nostrl
hunc pontem fecerunt, sed postea ex eo loco repulsl sunt, et
hostes nunc ad rlpam nostram appropinquant.

296. VOCABULARY

castellum, -I, n., fort, redoubt pons, pontis, -ium, m., bridge

explorator, -oris, m., scout postea, adv., afterwards

facio, -ere, feci, factum, make, repello, -ere, reppuli, repul-

do sum, drive back, repel

lateo, -ere, -ui, lurk, be con- sublicius, -a, -um, resting on

cealed piles; pons sublicius, a pile

navis, navis, -ium, f., ship, boat bridge

124  

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

297. 1. Exploratores copias nostras per silvam duc —
(will lead). 2. Multi milites in proelio interfici — (will be
killed). 3. Sonum proelii ex hoc loco audi — (we shall hear).
4. Ntintius ad oppidum statim mitte — . 5. Legio castra
fortiter defend — (will defend), et hostes repell — (will be
driven back). 6. Consul perlculum vide — (will see), sed
officium suum non negleg — (will not neglect).

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

298. 1. What is a castlef What do you suppose was
originally the chief characteristic of such a building? 2. What
is latent heat? 3. Give an adjective and a verb which are
derived from navis. 4. What is the difference between the
meaning of repellent and repulsivef

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the third person singular, active voice, of the verbs habeo,
facio, and audio in the present, imperfect, and future. 2. Give the
third person plural, passive voice, of the verbs laudo, duco, cupio, and
munio, in the present, imperfect, and future. 3. Give the present
passive infinitives, with their meanings, of laudo, moveo, mitto, munio.

ROMAN HELMETS

125

LESSON XLVI

RELATIVE PRONOUN
FORMS OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

299. The forms of the Latin relative pronoun, meaning
who, which, that, or what are as follows:

Singular

Masc. Fem. Neut.

Nom. qui quae quod

Gen. cujus cujus cujus

Dat. cui cui cui

Acc. quem quam quod

Abl. quo qua quo

Masc.

Plural

Fem. Neut.

qui quae quae

quorum quarum quorum

quibus quibus quibus

quos quas quae

quibus quibus quibus

a. The genitives cujus, quorum, quarum are trans-
lated whose, of whom, or of which, as the sense requires.

USE OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

300. The relative pronoun is used to connect a subordi-
nate clause to some noun or pronoun in the main clause, while
the interrogative pronoun, also translated by who, which, or
what, introduces a question. In the sentence The man who
lives in that house is my uncle, the clause who lives in that house
is connected with man by who; in this sentence, therefore,
who is a relative pronoun.

AGREEMENT OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN

301. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in
gender, number, and person, but its case depends on its use
in its own clause.

Homo quem vides amicus meus est, the man whom you
see is my frienol.

126  

READING EXERCISE: URBS ROMA

302. Roma est magna urbs Italiae. Fliimen Tiberis urbem
in duas partes dlvidit. Antlquitus urbs tota erat in fina
rlpa fltiminis, et trans flumen erant agri et tecta agricolarum.
Sed nunc aedificia in utrisque partibus videmus. Intra
mfiros sunt septem colles. Olim Roma erat parvum oppidum,
et tinum collem habebat. Is collis, in quo piima urbs erat,
nomen Palatium habet. In Palatio erant tecta in quibus
reges et multl virl claii habitabant.

Magna urbs quam vides est Roma. El qul in ea urbe
habitant sunt Romanl. Fliimen quod urbem in duas partes
dlvidit est Tiberis. Collis in quo reges et virl clarl tecta
habebant est Palatium. Homines quorum agrl et casae antl-
quitus trans fliimen erant interdum cum Romanls bellum
gerebant. Ille rex cujus mllites priml Romam ceperunt erat
barbarus. Sed postea barbarl superatl sunt a Romanls.

303. VOCABULARY

antiquitus, adv., long ago, in qui, quae, quod, who, which,

former times that

divido, -ere, divisl, divisum, septem, seven

divide Tiberis, Tiberis, m., the Tiber

intra, prep. with acc, within (river)

Palatium, -I, n., the Palatine unus, -a, -um, one

Hill uterque, utraque, utrumque,

primus, -a, -um, first each (o/ twc)

a. The genitive and dative of unus and uterque are
not formed in accordance with the regular declension
of adjectives. They do not appear in the exercises of
this book.

EXERCISES FOR WRITING

304. Give the form of the Latin relative pronoun for the
italicized words in the following exercise, then translate

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the sentences into Latin: 1. That city which you see is
Rome. 2. The river which divides it into two parts is the
Tiber. 3. The town to which Romulus gave a name was
small. 4. The man whose house you see is my brother.
5. The messengers whom the general sent have been captured.

ENGLISH DERIVATIVES FROM LATIN

305. 1. What is meant by antiquityf 2. Give three
English derivatives from the participial stem of divido.
3. What are intra-mural athletics? 4. Find from a dictionary
the derivation of palace. 5. What is the meaning of quorum
as an English word?

SUGGESTED DRILL

1. Give the Latin for the following phrases, putting the nouns in the
nominative: the boy who, the boy whom, the girl who, the girl whom, the
gift which; the soldiers whom, the soldiers of whom, the cities of which; the
town in which, the towns in which, the towns which.

LESSON XLVII
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES

THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES OF TWO ENDINGS

306. We have previously seen that many adjectives are
declined like nouns of the first and second declensions. There
is also a large group of adjectives which are declined like
nouns of the third declension. It is, of course, to be under-
stood that an adjective is not necessarily of the same declen-
sion as the noun which it modifies.

There are three classes of third declension adjectives. Those
with two endings in the nominative singular are declined as
f ollows :

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Singular

Plural

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

Masc. and Fem.

Neut.

Nom.

omnis

omne

omnes

omnia

Gen.

omnis

omnis

omnium

omnium

Dat.

omni

omni

omnibus

omnibus

Acc.

omnem

omne

omnls, -es

omnia

Abl.

omni

omnl

omnibus

omnibus

a. In the masculine and feminine these adjectives
are declined like collis, except that the ablative singular
ends in -I. The neuter is declined like Insigne.

Posted in Latin Lessons.